{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T10:10:44Z","timestamp":1794478244118,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients usually require long periods of mechanical ventilation and sedation, which added to steroid therapy, favours a predisposition to the development of delirium and subsequent mental health disorders, as well as physical and respiratory sequelae. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) at 3\u00a0months after hospital discharge, in a cohort of mechanically ventilated patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). An\u00a0ambispective, observational study was\u00a0conducted in three hospitals with intensive care unit (ICU) follow-up clinics. We studied adults who survived a critical illness due to SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. A physical (muscle strength and pulmonary function), functional [12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and Barthel score], psychological [hospital anxiety and depression (HADS) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity scales], and cognitive [Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test] assessment were performed. A total of 186 patients were evaluated at 88\u00a0days (IQR 68\u2013121) after hospital discharge. Mean age was 59\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u00a0years old, 126 (68%) patients were men, and median length of mechanical ventilation was 14\u00a0days (IQR 8\u201331). About 3 out of 4 patients (n\u2009=\u2009139, 75%) met PICS criteria. Symptoms of cognitive and psychiatric disorders were found in 59 (32%) and 58 (31%) patients, respectively. Ninety-one (49%) patients had muscle weakness. Pulmonary function tests in patients with no respiratory comorbidities showed a normal pattern in 93 (50%) patients, and a restrictive disorder in 62 (33%) patients. Also, 69 patients (37%) were on sick leave, while 32 (17%) had resumed work at the time of assessment. In conclusion,\u00a0survivors of critical illness due to SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring mechanical ventilation have a high prevalence of PICS. Physical domain is the most frequently damaged, followed by cognitive and psychiatric disorders. ICU follow-up clinics enable the assistance of this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11929-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T18:07:44Z","timestamp":1652465264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Prevalence of post-intensive care syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kapil","family":"Nanwani-Nanwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Gim\u00e9nez-Esparza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Ruiz-Barranco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Soledad","family":"Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domingo","family":"D\u00edaz-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andoni","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Relucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Quintana-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Rosario","family":"\u00darbez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Saravia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Bonan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Garc\u00eda-R\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Testillano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abelardo","family":"Garc\u00eda de Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"A\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"11929_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318232da75","volume":"40","author":"DM Needham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Needham, D. M. et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: Report from a stakeholders\u2019 conference. Crit. Care Med. 40(2), 502\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318232da75 (2012).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"11929_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004586","volume":"48","author":"ME Mikkelsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mikkelsen, M. E. et al. Society of critical care medicine\u2019s international consensus conference on prediction and identification of long-term impairments after critical illness. Crit. Care Med. 48(11), 1670\u20131679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004586 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"11929_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003218","volume":"46","author":"A Marra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marra, A. et al. Co-occurrence of post-intensive care syndrome problems among 406 survivors of critical illness. Crit. Care Med. 46(9), 1393\u20131401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003218 (2018).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"11929_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202004-1163LE","volume":"201","author":"DR Ziehr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ziehr, D. R. et al. Pathophysiology of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: A cohort study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 201(12), 1560\u20131564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202004-1163LE (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"11929_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-021-00544-w","volume":"9","author":"M Cadd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cadd, M. & Nunn, M. An A-E assessment of post-ICU COVID-19 recovery. J. Intens. Care 9(1), 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40560-021-00544-w (2021).","journal-title":"J. Intens. Care"},{"issue":"10270","key":"11929_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8","volume":"397","author":"C Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: A cohort study. Lancet 397(10270), 220\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"11929_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3331","volume":"325","author":"L Morin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morin, L. et al. Four-month clinical status of a cohort of patients after hospitalization for COVID-19. JAMA 325(15), 1525\u20131534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.3331 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"11929_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106453","volume":"184","author":"BC Todt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Todt, B. C. et al. Clinical outcomes and quality of life of COVID-19 survivors: A follow-up of 3 months post hospital discharge. Respir. Med. 184, 106453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106453 (2021).","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"11929_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06731-7","volume":"36","author":"L Tarsitani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tarsitani, L. et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder among COVID-19 survivors at 3-month follow-up after hospital discharge. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 36(6), 1702\u20131707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06731-7 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"11929_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202010-3823LE","volume":"203","author":"RJJ van Gassel","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Gassel, R. J. J. et al. High prevalence of pulmonary sequelae at 3 months after hospital discharge in mechanically ventilated survivors of COVID-19. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 203(3), 371\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202010-3823LE (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"11929_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005089(2021)","volume":"49","author":"R Van Gassel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Gassel, R. et al. Functional outcomes and their association with physical performance in mechanically ventilated coronavirus disease 2019 survivors at 3 months following hospital discharge: A cohort study. Crit. Care Med. 49(10), 1726\u20131738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005089(2021) (2019).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"11929_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003448","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03448-2020","volume":"57","author":"TV Lerum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lerum, T. V. et al. Dyspnoea, lung function and CT findings 3 months after hospital admission for COVID-19. Eur. Respir. J. 57(4), 2003448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.03448-2020 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"11929_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06349-7","volume":"47","author":"S Mongodi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mongodi, S., Salve, G., Tavazzi, G., Politi, P. & Mojoli, F. COVID-19 post-ICU team. High prevalence of acute stress disorder and persisting symptoms in ICU survivors after COVID-19. Intens. Care. Med. 47, 616\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06349-7 (2021).","journal-title":"Intens. Care. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"11929_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03642-1","volume":"25","author":"R Prevel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prevel, R. et al. Psychological evaluation and support in COVID-19 critically ill patients: A feasibility study. Crit. Care 25(1), 218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-021-03642-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"11929_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1089","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1750(2021)","volume":"73","author":"B van den Borst","year":"2019","unstructured":"van den Borst, B. et al. Comprehensive health assessment three months after recovery from Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin. Infect. Dis. 73(5), e1089\u2013e1098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1750(2021) (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"11929_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005014(2021)","volume":"49","author":"MAP Martillo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martillo, M. A. P. et al. Postintensive care syndrome in survivors of critical illness related to coronavirus disease 2019: Cohort study from a New York City critical care recovery clinic. Crit. Care Med. 49(9), 1427\u20131438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005014(2021) (2019).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"11929_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00881-x","volume":"11","author":"L Carenzo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carenzo, L. et al. Short-term health-related quality of life, physical function and psychological consequences of severe COVID-19. Ann. Intens. Care 11(1), 91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00881-x (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Intens. Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"11929_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0109","volume":"78","author":"D Janiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janiri, D. et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after severe COVID-19 infection. JAMA Psychiat. 78(5), 567\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0109 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"11929_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106665","volume":"189","author":"L Gamberini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gamberini, L. et al. Health-related quality of life profiles, trajectories, persistent symptoms and pulmonary function one year after ICU discharge in invasively ventilated COVID-19 patients, a prospective follow-up study. Respir. Care 189, 106665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106665 (2021).","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"11929_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.02.062","volume":"160","author":"J Gonzalez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonzalez, J. et al. Pulmonary function and radiologic features in survivors of critical COVID-19. A 3-month prospective cohort. Chest 160(1), 187\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2021.02.062 (2021).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"11929_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.0040","volume":"327","author":"H Heesakkers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heesakkers, H. et al. Clinical outcomes among patients with 1-year survival following intensive care unit treatment for COVID-19. JAMA 327(6), 559\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.0040 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"11929_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2128568","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568","volume":"4","author":"D Groff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Groff, D., Sun, A. & Ssentongo, A. E. Short-term and long-term rates of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A systematic review. JAMA 4(10), e2128568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"20","key":"11929_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA 310(20), 2191\u20132194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"11929_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medin.2017.07.010","volume":"42","author":"P Extremera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Extremera, P., A\u00f1\u00f3n, J. M. & Garc\u00eda de Lorenzo, A. Are outpatient clinics justified in Intensive Care Medicine? Med. Intens. 42(2), 110\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medin.2017.07.010 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Intens."},{"issue":"2","key":"11929_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3999(01)00296-3","volume":"52","author":"I Bjelland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T. & Neckelmann, D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J. Psychosom. Res. 52(2), 69\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3999(01)00296-3 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"issue":"90","key":"11929_CR26","first-page":"503","volume":"23","author":"E Echebur\u00faa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Echebur\u00faa, E., Corral, P., Amor, P. J., Zubizarreta, I. & Sarasua, B. Escala de Gravedad de S\u00edntomas del Trastorno de Estr\u00e9s Postraum\u00e1tico: Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas. An\u00e1l. y Modif. de Conducta 23(90), 503\u2013526 (1997).","journal-title":"An\u00e1l. y Modif. de Conducta"},{"issue":"4","key":"11929_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine, Z. S. et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53(4), 695\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"11929_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/1751143720923597","volume":"22","author":"CD Spies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spies, C. D. et al. Instruments to measure outcomes of post-intensive care syndrome in outpatient care settings. Results of an expert consensus and feasibility field test. J. Intens. Care Soc. 22(2), 159\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1751143720923597 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Intens. Care Soc."},{"key":"11929_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"E Luna-Heredia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Luna-Heredia, E., Mart\u00edn-Pe\u00f1a, G. & Ruiz-Galiana, J. Valores normales y l\u00edmites de la normalidad de la fuerza de la mano determinados con dinamometr\u00eda. Nutr. Hosp. 19, 1 (2004).","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"issue":"2","key":"11929_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","volume":"26","author":"MR Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller, M. R. et al. ATS\/ERS Task Force. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur. Respir. J. 26(2), 319\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"11929_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","volume":"26","author":"R Pellegrino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pellegrino, R. et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur. Respir. J. 26(5), 948\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"11929_CR32","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney, F. I. & Barthel, D. W. Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index. Md. State. Med. J. 14, 61\u201365 (1965).","journal-title":"Md. State. Med. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"11929_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","volume":"34","author":"J Ware","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ware, J., Kosinski, M. & Keller, S. D. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: Construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med. Care 34(3), 220\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003 (1996).","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"11929_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.580","volume":"93","author":"DA Mahler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mahler, D. A. & Wells, C. K. Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea. Chest 93(3), 580\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.93.3.580 (1998).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"11929_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.08.2056","volume":"159","author":"C Ramani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramani, C. et al. Post-ICU COVID-19 outcomes. A case series. Chest 159(1), 215\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.08.2056 (2021).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"11929_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102119","volume":"10","author":"M N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M. et al. Alterations in respiratory function test three months after hospitalisation for COVID-19 pneumonia: Value of determining nitric oxide diffusion. J. Clin. Med. 10(10), 2119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10102119 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"11929_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001621","volume":"44","author":"M Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang, M. et al. Psychiatric symptoms in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors: A 1-year national multicenter study. Crit. Care Med. 44(5), 954\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001621 (2016).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"11929_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2223-6","volume":"22","author":"R Hatch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hatch, R. et al. Anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder after critical illness: A UK-wide prospective cohort study. Crit. Care 22(1), 310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-018-2223-6 (2018).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"11929_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n1007","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1007","volume":"373","author":"ME Wilcox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilcox, M. E., Girard, T. D. & Hough, C. L. Delirium and long term cognition in critically ill patients. BMJ 373, n1007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n1007 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"11929_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","volume":"46","author":"JW Devlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Devlin, J. W. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit. Care Med. 46(9), e825\u2013e873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299 (2018).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"11929_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X","volume":"9","author":"BT Pun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pun, B. T. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): A multicenter cohort study. Lancet Respir. Med. 9(3), 239\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"11929_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03200-1","volume":"24","author":"J Helms","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helms, J. et al. Delirium and encephalopathy in severe COVID-19: A cohort analysis of ICU patients. Crit. Care 24(1), 491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-020-03200-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"14","key":"11929_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372","volume":"369","author":"PP Pandharipande","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pandharipande, P. P. et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. New. Engl. J. Med. 369(14), 1306\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372 (2013).","journal-title":"New. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"11929_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30062-6","volume":"6","author":"TD Girard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Girard, T. D. et al. Clinical phenotypes of delirium during critical illness and severity of subsequent long-term cognitive impairment: A prospective cohort study. Lancet. Respir. Med. 6(3), 213\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30062-6 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"11929_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06503-1","volume":"47","author":"JL Stollings","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stollings, J. L. et al. Delirium in critical illness: Clinical manifestations, outcomes and management. Intensive. Care. Med. 47(10), 1089\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06503-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Intensive. Care. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"11929_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00910-9","volume":"11","author":"AF Rousseau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rousseau, A. F. et al. Post-intensive care syndrome after a critical COVID-19: Cohort study from a Belgian follow-up clinic. Ann. Intens. Care 11(1), 118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00910-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Intens. Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"11929_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.14754-0","volume":"86","author":"JM A\u00f1\u00f3n","year":"2020","unstructured":"A\u00f1\u00f3n, J. M. et al. Postintensive care syndrome and follow-up clinics: Results after a two-year pilot. Minerva. Anestesiol. 86(11), 1246\u20131248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.14754-0 (2020).","journal-title":"Minerva. Anestesiol."},{"issue":"15","key":"11929_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3430","volume":"325","author":"HC Prescott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prescott, H. C. Outcomes for patients following hospitalization for COVID-19. JAMA 325(15), 1511\u20131512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.3430 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11929-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11929-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11929-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T03:12:22Z","timestamp":1669345942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11929-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-11929-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7977"}}