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In this study, uniaxial compression tests and acoustic emission (AE) measurements were carried out simultaneously on specimens of soft rock-like material with different fracture angles and connectivity values to better understand their influence on the deformation and failure of the material. The stress\u2013strain curve and AE signal of fractured soft rock-like material are similar to those of intact soft rock-like; specifically, they exhibit a compaction, elastic deformation, stable fracture development, and unstable fracture development. The main differences between fractured and intact material occur during post-peak failure stage. Under the combined influence of fracture angle and connectivity, the uniaxial compressive strength of fractured soft rock-like material (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$f_{cu}^{^{\\prime}}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msubsup>\n                    <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>cu<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mrow\/>\n                      <mml:mo>\u2032<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                  <\/mml:msubsup>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) is lower than that of the intact soft rock-like material (<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>cu<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>), and can be described by the relationship <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$f_{cu}^{^{\\prime}} = f_{cu} \\cdot \\alpha$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msubsup>\n                      <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>cu<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:msup>\n                        <mml:mrow\/>\n                        <mml:mo>\u2032<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:msup>\n                    <\/mml:msubsup>\n                    <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>cu<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>\u00b7<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, where <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\alpha$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> is the strength reduction coefficient, fitted as <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\alpha = 0.8228 + 0.00411x - 0.00789y$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>0.8228<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>0.00411<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>0.00789<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mi>y<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. In this equation, <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic> is the fracture angle (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^\\circ$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mrow\/>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2218<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:msup>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) and <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic> is the fracture connectivity (%). Under uniaxial compression, the main types of secondary cracks were wing cracks and secondary coplanar cracks. The specimen with a fracture angle of 30\u00b0 mainly underwent tensile failure under loading, whereas those with fracture angles of 45\u00b0 and 60\u00b0mainly experienced shear failure under high-connectivity conditions (45%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12152-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T18:03:56Z","timestamp":1652378636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Stress\u2013strain and acoustic emission characteristics of cement-based materials used to simulate soft rock with fractures"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Han-dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-yun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"12152_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.12.010","volume":"187","author":"P Cao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cao, P., Liu, T., Pu, C. & Lin, H. 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