{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:07:19Z","timestamp":1789556839377,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Strategy AV21","award":["Diversity of life and health of ecosystems"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Diversity of life and health of ecosystems"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Strategy AV21","award":["Diversity of life and health of ecosystems"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Diversity of life and health of ecosystems"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Healthcare of the Czech Republic","award":["17-30091A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-30091A"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Healthcare of the Czech Republic","award":["17-30091A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-30091A"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Healthcare of the Czech Republic","award":["17-30091A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-30091A"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Healthcare of the Czech Republic","award":["17-30091A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-30091A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Notwithstanding the fact that streptomycetes are overlooked in clinical laboratories, studies describing their occurrence in disease and potential pathogenicity are emerging. Information on their species diversity in clinical specimens, aetiology and appropriate therapeutic treatment is scarce. We identified and evaluated the antibiotic susceptibility profile of 84 <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates from the Czech Republic. In the absence of appropriate disk diffusion (DD) breakpoints for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) of <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> spp., we determined DD breakpoints by correlation with the broth microdilution method and by the distribution of zone diameters among isolates. Correlation accuracy was high for 9 antibiotics, leading to the establishment of the most valid DD breakpoints for <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> antibiotic susceptibility evaluation\u00a0so far. Clinical strains belonged to 17 different phylotypes dominated by a cluster of strains sharing the same percentage of 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with more than one species (<jats:italic>S. albidoflavus<\/jats:italic> group<jats:italic>, S. hydrogenans, S. resistomycificus, S. griseochromogenes<\/jats:italic>; 70% of isolates). AST results showed that <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> exhibited intrinsic resistance to penicillin, general susceptibility to amikacin, gentamycin, vancomycin and linezolid, and high percentage of susceptibility to tetracyclines and clarithromycin. For the remaining antibiotics, AST showed inter- and intra-species variations when compared to available literature (erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), indicating a region-dependent rather than species-specific patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13094-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T09:04:11Z","timestamp":1654592651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation and comparison of antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Streptomyces spp. from clinical specimens revealed common and region-dependent resistance patterns"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lucie","family":"Kotrbov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Catalina","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Corretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Scharfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edt","family":"Ulmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Pet\u0159\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alica","family":"Chro\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"13094_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2012.12.002","volume":"48","author":"J Chander","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chander, J., Singla, N. & Handa, U. Human cervicofacial mycetoma caused by Streptomyces griseus: First case report. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 48, 703\u2013705 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"13094_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1986.01660220011002","volume":"122","author":"D Borelli","year":"1986","unstructured":"Borelli, D. & Middelveen, M. Actinomycetoma Caused by Streptomyces somaliensis. Arch. Dermatol. 122, 1097\u20131098 (1986).","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"13094_CR3","first-page":"162","volume":"105","author":"BN Chaudhuri","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chaudhuri, B. N., Maiti, P. K. & Sil, J. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of actinomycetes isolated from patients of actinomycetoma. Indian J. Med. Res. 105, 162\u2013166 (1997).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"13094_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-007-9205-z","volume":"93","author":"ET Quintana","year":"2008","unstructured":"Quintana, E. T. et al. Streptomyces sudanensis sp. nov., a new pathogen isolated from patients with actinomycetoma. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 93, 305\u2013313 (2008).","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"13094_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.645","volume":"4","author":"NM Joseph","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joseph, N. M., Harish, B. N., Sistla, S., Thappa, D. M. & Parija, S. C. Streptomyces bacteremia in a patient with actinomycotic mycetoma. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 4, 249\u2013252 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"13094_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03028","volume":"10","author":"A Herbr\u00edk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herbr\u00edk, A. et al. A human lung-associated Streptomyces sp TR1341 produces various secondary metabolites responsible for virulence, cytotoxicity and codulation of immune response. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1\u201317 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.a2020.0171","volume":"89","author":"M Bai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bai, M. et al. Streptomyces pneumonia in an immunocompetent adult\u2014A rare isolate. Adv. Respir. Med. 89, 68\u201371 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Respir. Med."},{"key":"13094_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.148","volume":"10","author":"F Raymond","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raymond, F. et al. The initial state of the human gut microbiome determines its reshaping by antibiotics. ISME J. 10, 707\u2013720 (2016).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"13094_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23129","volume":"6","author":"MC Collado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Collado, M. C., Rautava, S., Aakko, J., Isolauri, E. & Salminen, S. Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci. Rep. 6, 1\u201313 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"13094_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.044","volume":"136","author":"YJ Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, Y. J. et al. The airway microbiome in patients with severe asthma: Associations with disease features and severity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 136, 874\u2013884 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"13094_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2017.1324725","volume":"9","author":"X Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu, X. et al. 16S rDNA analysis of periodontal plaque in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and periodontitis patients. J. Oral Microbiol. 9, 1 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.5.778","volume":"12","author":"MM McNeil","year":"1990","unstructured":"McNeil, M. M., Brown, J. M., Jarvis, W. R. & Ajello, L. Comparison of species ditribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of aerobic actinomycetes from clinical specimens. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12, 778\u2013783 (1990).","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01132-07","volume":"46","author":"CE Rose","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rose, C. E., Brown, J. M. & Fisher, J. F. Brain abscess caused by Streptomyces infection following penetration trauma: Case report and results of susceptibility analysis of 92 isolates of Streptomyces species submitted to the CDC from 2000 to 2004. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 821\u2013823 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2021.100946","volume":"44","author":"JA S\u00e1ez-Nieto","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00e1ez-Nieto, J. A. et al. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptomyces and other unusual Actinobacteria clinical isolates in Spain. New Microbes New Infect. 44, 100946 (2021).","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"13094_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081547","volume":"9","author":"AC Lara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lara, A. C. et al. The genome analysis of the human lung-associated Streptomyces sp. TR1341 revealed the presence of beneficial genes for opportunistic colonization of human tissues. Microorganisms 9, 1547 (2021).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"13094_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90269-5","volume":"11","author":"HA Rahdar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahdar, H. A. et al. Molecular identification and antibiotic resistance pattern of actinomycetes isolates among immunocompromised patients in Iran, emerging of new infections. Sci. Rep. 11, 1\u20139 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"13094_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-10-24","volume":"10","author":"ME Hamid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamid, M. E. Variable antibiotic susceptibility patterns among Streptomyces species causing actinomycetoma in man and animals. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 10, 1\u20135 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"13094_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2520-8","volume":"17","author":"AS Hoza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoza, A. S., Mfinanga, S. G. S., Moser, I. & K\u00f6nig, B. Isolation, biochemical and molecular identification of Nocardia species among TB suspects in northeastern, Tanzania; A forgotten or neglected threat?. BMC Infect. Dis. 17, 1\u20139 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05222-0","volume":"20","author":"L Ai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ai, L. et al. Chronic suppurative otitis media due to Streptomyces cacaoi, the second case report in human infection. BMC Infect. Dis. 20, 10\u201313 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.08.040","volume":"125","author":"J Chinen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chinen, J. & Shearer, W. T. Secondary immunodeficiencies, including HIV infection. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125, S195-203 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"13094_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.10.2010-2011.1987","volume":"25","author":"PR Murray","year":"1987","unstructured":"Murray, P. R., Heeren, R. & Niles, A. C. Effect of decontamination procedures on recovery of Nocardia spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25, 2010\u20132011 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230927","volume":"15","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2020","unstructured":"Srivastava, S., Chapagain, M. & Gumbo, T. Effect of specimen processing, growth supplement, and different metabolic population on Mycobacterium tuberculosis laboratory diagnosis. PLoS ONE 15, 1\u20137 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13094_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01992-18","volume":"57","author":"B Mtafya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mtafya, B. et al. Molecular bacterial load assay concurs withculture on NaOH-induced loss of Mycobacterium tuberculosis viability. J. Clin. Microbiol. 57, 1 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR24","first-page":"48","volume":"16","author":"J Scharfen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scharfen, J. et al. Filamentous \u2018contaminants\u2019 in the mycobacteriology laboratory; their culture, identification and clinical significance. Klin. Mikrobiol. Infekc. Lek. 16, 48\u201357 (2010).","journal-title":"Klin. Mikrobiol. Infekc. Lek."},{"key":"13094_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004332","volume":"70","author":"AC Parte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parte, A. C., Carbasse, J. S., Meier-Kolthoff, J. P., Reimer, L. C. & G\u00f6ker, M. List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 70, 5607\u20135612 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1086\/513619","volume":"28","author":"G Ghanem","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ghanem, G., Adachi, J., Han, X.-Y. & Raad, I. Central venous catheter-related Streptomyces septic thrombosis. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 28, 599\u2013601 (2007).","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"13094_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1309\/QJEBXP0BCGR54L15","volume":"127","author":"M Kapadia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kapadia, M., Rolston, K. V. I. & Han, X. Y. Invasive Streptomyces infections: Six cases and literature review. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 127, 619\u2013624 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"13094_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06372-11","volume":"50","author":"GJ Pellegrini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pellegrini, G. J. et al. Scalp abscess due to Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi, first report in a human infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50, 1484\u20131486 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0000000000000172","volume":"22","author":"AT Yacoub","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yacoub, A. T., Velez, A. P., Khwaja, S. I., Sandin, R. L. & Greene, J. Streptomyces pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient: A case report and a review of literature. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. 22, 2\u20135 (2014).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"13094_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.06.009","volume":"59","author":"DP Kofteridis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kofteridis, D. P. et al. Streptomyces pneumonia in an immunocompetent patient: A case report and literature review. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 59, 459\u2013462 (2007).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-015-0753-y","volume":"9","author":"MA Ariza-Prota","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ariza-Prota, M. A. et al. Community-acquired bacteremic Streptomyces atratus pneumonia in an immunocompetent adult: A case report. J. Med. Case Rep. 9, 9\u201312 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"13094_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.10.009","volume":"60","author":"A Manteca","year":"2008","unstructured":"Manteca, A. et al. A rare case of lung coinfection by Streptomyces cinereoruber and Haemophilus influenzae in a patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: characterization at species level using molecular techniques. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 60, 307\u2013311 (2008).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5957","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5957-5960.2004","volume":"42","author":"MC Mart\u00edn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, M. C., Manteca, A., Castillo, M. L., V\u00e1zquez, F. & M\u00e9ndez, F. J. Streptomyces albus isolated from a human actinomycetoma and characterized by molecular techniques. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 5957\u20135960 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06045-11","volume":"50","author":"P Datta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Datta, P., Arora, S., Jain, R., Chander, J. & Van De Sande, W. Secondary peritonitis caused by Streptomyces viridis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50, 1813\u20131814 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR35","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 30th Ed. CLSI guidlines M100 http:\/\/em100.edaptivedocs.net\/GetDoc.aspx?doc=CLSI M100 ED31:2021&scope=user (2020)."},{"key":"13094_CR36","unstructured":"EUCAST. Harmonizing of breakpoints for existing antimicrobial agents. EUCAST standard operation procedure www.eucast.org (2019)."},{"key":"13094_CR37","unstructured":"Kieser, T., Bibb, M. J., Buttner, M., Chater, K. F. & Hopwood, D. Growth and preservation of Streptomyces. Pract. Streptomyces Genet. 43\u201362 (2000)."},{"key":"13094_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2015.03.002","volume":"175","author":"FM Rashad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rashad, F. M., Fathy, H. M., El-Zayat, A. S. & Elghonaimy, A. M. Isolation and characterization of multifunctional Streptomyces species with antimicrobial, nematicidal and phytohormone activities from marine environments in Egypt. Microbiol. Res. 175, 34\u201347 (2015).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"13094_CR39","first-page":"665","volume":"56","author":"AKP Zothanpuia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zothanpuia, A. K. P., Yadav, M. K. & Singh, B. P. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activities and antibiotic susceptibility profiling of culturable actinobacteria from fresh water streams. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 56, 665\u2013673 (2018).","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"13094_CR40","first-page":"136","volume":"15","author":"AKP Zothanpuia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zothanpuia, A. K. P. & Singh, B. P. Molecular characterization of actinomycetes isolated from Tuichang river and their biosynthetic potential. Sci. Vis. 15, 136\u2013144 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Vis."},{"key":"13094_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00814","volume":"6","author":"K Pet\u0159\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pet\u0159\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, K. et al. Evolution of cyclizing 5-aminolevulinate synthases in the biosynthesis of actinomycete secondary metabolites: Outcomes for genetic screening techniques. Front. Microbiol. 6, 1\u201315 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. & Lipman, D. J. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215, 403\u2013410 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"13094_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-011-9656-0","volume":"101","author":"DP Labeda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Labeda, D. P. et al. Phylogenetic study of the species within the family Streptomycetaceae. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 101, 73\u2013104 (2012).","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"13094_CR44","first-page":"313","volume":"16","author":"EB Shirling","year":"1966","unstructured":"Shirling, E. B. & Gottlieb, D. Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 16, 313\u2013340 (1966).","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR45","unstructured":"CLSI. Susceptibility testing of Mycobacteria, and other aerobic Actinomycetes. 2nd edn. CLSI guidlines M24 (2011)."},{"key":"13094_CR46","unstructured":"CLSI. Development of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria and quality control parameters. 2nd Ed. CLSI guidlines M23 (2001)."},{"key":"13094_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12624","volume":"124","author":"G Kronvall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kronvall, G. & Smith, P. Normalized resistance interpretation, the NRI method: Review of NRI disc test applications and guide to calculations. APMIS 124, 1023\u20131030 (2016).","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"13094_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90675-5","volume":"83","author":"MA Nasher","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nasher, M. A., Hay, R. J., Mahgoub, E. S. & Gumaa, S. A. In vitro studies of antibiotic sensitivities of Streptomyces somaliensis a cause of human actinomycetoma. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 265\u2013268 (1989).","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"13094_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0902.020275","volume":"9","author":"WJ Moss","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moss, W. J., Sager, J. A., Dick, J. D. & Ruff, A. Streptomyces bikiniensis bacteremia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 273\u2013274 (2003).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1086\/520985","volume":"45","author":"S Siddiqui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Siddiqui, S. et al. Fulminant mulch pneumonitis: An emergency presentation of chronic granulomatous disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45, 673\u2013681 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1811.120797","volume":"18","author":"E Riviere","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riviere, E. et al. Pulmonary treptomyces infection in patient with sarcoidosis, France, 2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 1907\u20131909 (2012).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(81)90155-X","volume":"68","author":"SL Kagen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kagen, S. L., Fink, J. N., Schlueter, D. P., Kurup, V. P. & Fruchtman, R. B. Streptomyces albus: A new cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 68, 295\u2013299 (1981).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"13094_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2013.11.001","volume":"20","author":"H Kawakami","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kawakami, H. et al. Case of keratitis caused by Streptomyces thermocarboxydus. J. Infect. Chemother. 20, 57\u201360 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"13094_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-3-797","volume":"51","author":"AS Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson, A. S. & Wellington, E. M. H. The taxonomy of Streptomyces and related genera. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51, 797\u2013814 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050605","volume":"21","author":"H Ogawara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ogawara, H. Self-resistance in Streptomyces, with special reference to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics. Molecules 21, 1\u201330 (2016).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"13094_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003218","volume":"8","author":"O Welsh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Welsh, O., Al-Abdely, H. M., Salinas-Carmona, M. C. & Fahal, A. H. Mycetoma medical therapy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, 1 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-46-1-151","volume":"46","author":"ST Williams","year":"1967","unstructured":"Williams, S. T. Sensitivity of streptomycetes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 46, 151\u2013160 (1967).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0451","volume":"16","author":"H Cox","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cox, H. & Ford, N. Linezolid for the treatment of complicated drug-resistant tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.\u00a016, 447\u2013454 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"13094_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2015.04.002","volume":"5","author":"VP Myneedu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Myneedu, V. P. et al. First and second line drug resistance among treatment na\u00efve pulmonary tuberculosis patients in a district under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in New Delhi. J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 5, 365\u2013373 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"13094_CR60","unstructured":"Bene\u0161, J. Antibiotika: systematika, vlastnosti, pou\u017eit\u00ed. (Grada Publishing, 2018)."},{"key":"13094_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.05.008","volume":"281","author":"J Xie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xie, J., Talaska, A. E. & Schacht, J. New developments in aminoglycoside therapy and ototoxicity. Hear. Res. 281, 28\u201337 (2011).","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"13094_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a027029","volume":"6","author":"KM Krause","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krause, K. M., Serio, A. W., Kane, T. R. & Connolly, L. E. Aminoglycosides: An overview. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect Med. 6, a027029 (2016).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect Med."},{"key":"13094_CR63","unstructured":"B\u00e9brov\u00e1, E. et al. Doporu\u010den\u00fd postup pro antibiotickou l\u00e9\u010dbu komunitn\u00edch respira\u010dn\u00edch infekc\u00ed v prim\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di. Prakt. L\u00e9k. 83, 502\u2013515. www.cls.cz\/dokumenty\/Doporuceny_postup_ATB_lecba.doc (2003)."},{"key":"13094_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/000018-0","volume":"153","author":"LF Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee, L. F., Chen, Y. J., Kirby, R., Chen, C. & Chen, C. W. A multidrug efflux system is involved in colony growth in Streptomyces lividans. Microbiology 153, 924\u2013934 (2007).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"13094_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04032.x","volume":"52","author":"HJ Hong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hong, H. J. et al. Characterization of an inducible vancomycin resistance system in Streptomyces coelicolor reveals a novel gene (vanK) required for drug resistance. Mol. Microbiol. 52, 1107\u20131121 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-003-0574-z","volume":"180","author":"L-F Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee, L.-F., Huang, Y.-J. & Chen, C. W. Repressed multidrug resistance genes in Streptomyces lividans. Arch. Microbiol. 180, 176\u2013184 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"13094_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab177","volume":"76","author":"A Versporten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Versporten, A. et al. Consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials in the community, European Union\/European Economic Area, 1997\u20132017. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 76, 45\u201359 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"13094_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab175","volume":"76","author":"N Adriaenssens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adriaenssens, N. et al. Consumption of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins in the community, European Union\/European Economic Area, 1997\u20132017. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 76, 30\u201336 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"13094_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.16","volume":"65","author":"Y Imai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Imai, Y., Fujiwara, T., Ochi, K. & Hosaka, T. Development of the ability to produce secondary metabolites in Streptomyces through the acquisition of erythromycin resistance. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 65, 323\u2013326 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"13094_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10288-1","volume":"104","author":"K Hoshino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoshino, K. et al. A putative mechanism underlying secondary metabolite overproduction by Streptomyces strains with a 23S rRNA mutation conferring erythromycin resistance. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 104, 2193\u20132203 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"13094_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2001123","volume":"32","author":"O Sk\u00f6ld","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sk\u00f6ld, O. Resistance to trimethoprim and sulfonamides. Vet. Res. 32, 261\u2013273 (2001).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-13094-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-13094-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-13094-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T04:06:44Z","timestamp":1669349204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-13094-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13094-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9353"}}