{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:44:35Z","timestamp":1785894275679,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Globally, malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both independently associated with a massive burden of disease and death. While their co-infection has been well studied for <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>, scarce data exist regarding the association of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> and HIV. In this cohort study, we assessed the effect of HIV on the risk of vivax malaria infection and recurrence during a 4-year follow-up period in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon. For the purpose of this study, we obtained clinical information from January 2012 to December 2016 from two databases. HIV screening data were acquired from the clinical information system at the tropical hospital <jats:italic>Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado<\/jats:italic> (FMT-HVD). The National Malaria Surveillance database (SIVEP malaria) was utilized to identify malaria infections during a 4-year follow-up period after diagnosis of HIV. Both datasets were combined via data linkage. Between 2012 and 2016, a total of 42,121 people were screened for HIV, with 1569 testing positive (3.7%). Out of all the patients diagnosed with HIV, 198 had at least one episode of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria in the follow-up. In the HIV-negative group, 711 participants had at least one <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria episode. When comparing both groups, HIV patients had a 6.48 [(5.37\u20137.83); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001] (adjusted relative risk) greater chance of acquiring <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria. Moreover, being of the male gender [ARR\u2009=\u20091.41 (1.17\u20131.71); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001], Amerindian ethnicity [ARR\u2009=\u20092.77 (1.46\u20135.28); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001], and a resident in a municipality of the Metropolitan region of Manaus [ARR\u2009=\u20091.48 (1.02\u20132.15); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038] were independent risk factors associated with an increased risk of clinical malaria. Education\u2009\u2265\u20098\u00a0years [ARR\u2009=\u20090.41 (0.26\u20130.64); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001] and living in the urban area [ARR\u2009=\u20090.44 (0.24\u20130.80); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007] were associated to a lower risk of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria. A total of 28 (14.1%) and 180 (25.3%) recurrences (at least a second clinical malaria episode) were reported in the HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups, respectively. After adjusting for sex and education, HIV-positive status was associated with a tendency towards protection from <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria recurrences [ARR\u2009=\u20090.55 (0.27\u20131.10); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.090]. HIV status was not associated with hospitalizations due to <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria. CD4\u2009+\u2009counts and viral load were not associated with recurrences of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria. No significant differences were found in the distribution of parasitemia between HIV-negative and HIV-positive <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria patients. Our results suggest that HIV-positive status is a risk factor for vivax malaria infection, which represents an additional challenge that should be addressed during elimination efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13256-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T15:06:00Z","timestamp":1654009560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["HIV infection increases the risk of acquiring Plasmodium vivax malaria: a 4-year cohort study in the Brazilian Amazon HIV and risk of vivax malaria"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cecilia Victoria Caraballo","family":"Guerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo Maia","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djane Clarys","family":"Baia-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Ant\u00f4nio Saboia","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Deney Alves","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlo Santos e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Vilhena","family":"Silva-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Alcirley","family":"da Silva Balieiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Guilherme","family":"da Costa-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisely Cardoso","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Val","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quique","family":"Bassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helder I.","family":"Nakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flor Ernestina","family":"Martinez-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanderson Souza","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuelton","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"13256_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12151","volume":"590","author":"F Frischknecht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frischknecht, F. & Fackler, O. T. Experimental systems for studying plasmodium\/HIV coinfection. FEBS Lett. 590, 2000\u20132013 (2016).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"13256_CR2","unstructured":"Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade|Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Boletim Epidemiol\u00f3gico HIV\/Aids|2019, 72 (2019)"},{"key":"13256_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1109.050337","volume":"11","author":"DP Drotman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Drotman, D. P. et al. Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic; sub-Saharan Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11, 1410\u20131419 (2005).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.03.008","volume":"24","author":"TS Skinner-Adams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Skinner-Adams, T. S., McCarthy, J. S., Gardiner, D. L. & Andrews, K. T. HIV and malaria co-infection: interactions and consequences of chemotherapy. Trends Parasitol. 24, 264\u2013271 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"13256_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.119","volume":"80","author":"SD Perrault","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perrault, S. D. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus co-infection increases placental parasite density and transplacental malaria transmission in Western Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80, 119\u2013125 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"13256_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000101188.95433.60","volume":"22","author":"K Grimwade","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grimwade, K. et al. Childhood malaria in a region of unstable transmission and high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22, 1057\u20131063 (2003).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"13256_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200402200-00023","volume":"18","author":"K Grimwade","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grimwade, K. et al. HIV infection as a cofactor for severe falciparum malaria in adults living in a region of unstable malaria transmission in South Africa. AIDS 18, 547\u2013554 (2004).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"13256_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1086\/498023","volume":"41","author":"C Cohen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cohen, C. et al. Increased prevalence of severe malaria in HIV-infected adults in South Africa. Clin. Infect. 41, 1631\u20131637 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect."},{"key":"13256_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000200533.56490.b7","volume":"20","author":"RO Otieno","year":"2006","unstructured":"Otieno, R. O. et al. Increased severe anemia in HIV-1-exposed and HIV-1-positive infants and children during acute malaria. AIDS 20, 275\u2013280 (2006).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"13256_CR10","unstructured":"Gasasira, A.F. Interactions between HIV infection and malaria in children living in sub-Saharan Africa in the Era of widening access to improved interventions, 80 (2010)."},{"key":"13256_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199903110-00007","volume":"13","author":"IF Hoffman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoffman, I. F. et al. The effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on HIV-1 RNA blood plasma concentration. AIDS 13, 487\u2013494 (1999).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"13256_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.41","volume":"71","author":"FO ter Kuile","year":"2004","unstructured":"ter Kuile, F. O. et al. The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-saharan Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71, 41\u201354 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"13256_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1086\/432730","volume":"192","author":"P Patnaik","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patnaik, P. et al. Effects of HIV-1 serostatus, HIV-1 RNA concentration, and CD4 cell count on the incidence of malaria infection in a cohort of adults in rural Malawi. J. Infect. Dis. 192, 984\u2013991 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000243125.98024.da","volume":"43","author":"JP Van Geertruyden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Geertruyden, J. P. et al. CD4 T-cell count and HIV-1 infection in adults with uncomplicated malaria. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 43, 363\u2013367 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"13256_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1086\/498577","volume":"193","author":"MR Kamya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kamya, M. R. et al. Effect of HIV-1 infection on antimalarial treatment outcomes in uganda: a population-based study. J. Infect. Dis. 193, 9\u201315 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO. World Malaria Report 2017. World Health Organization. (2017)"},{"key":"13256_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.167","volume":"10","author":"R Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Ata\u00edde, R., Naniche, D., Men\u00e9ndez, C. & Mayor, A. HIV and malaria interactions: where do we stand?. Exp. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 10, 153\u2013165 (2012).","journal-title":"Exp. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"13256_CR18","unstructured":"Malaria Report WM. World malaria report 2020. 20, avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 (2020)."},{"key":"13256_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001814","volume":"6","author":"PW Gething","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gething, P. W. et al. A long neglected world malaria map: Plasmodium vivax endemicity in 2010. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6, e1814 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70177-X","volume":"9","author":"I Mueller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mueller, I. et al. Key gaps in the knowledge of Plasmodium vivax, a neglected human malaria parasite. Lancet Infect. Dis. 9, 555\u2013566 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis615","volume":"55","author":"MVG Lacerda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lacerda, M. V. G. et al. Postmortem characterization of patients with clinical diagnosis of plasmodium vivax malaria: to what extent does this parasite kill?. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55, 67\u201374 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6625.827","volume":"296","author":"E Katongole-Mbidde","year":"1988","unstructured":"Katongole-Mbidde, E., Banura, C. & Kizito, A. Blackwater fever caused by Plasmodium vivax infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Br. Med. J. 296, 827 (1988).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"13256_CR23","first-page":"448","volume":"34","author":"LJ McIver","year":"2010","unstructured":"McIver, L. J., Kippin, A. N., Parish, S. T. & Whitehead, O. G. HIV, Malaria and pneumonia in a Torres Strait Islander male: a case report. Commun. Dis. Intell. 34, 448\u2013449 (2010).","journal-title":"Commun. Dis. Intell."},{"key":"13256_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.04.005","volume":"18","author":"ZN Tano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tano, Z. N., Filho, C. E. K., Bregan\u00f3, R. M., Pavanelli, W. R. & Ruzon, U. G. Hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly and aids: a case report. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 18, 565\u2013567 (2014).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranaweera, D., Kanchana Rajapaksha, R.M.J., Silva, P., Hettiarachchi, R., Gunasekera, W.M.K.T.A.W., et al. Severe Plasmodium vivax malaria, HIV, tuberculosis co-infection in a Sri Lankan traveller: case management and challenges during the prevention of malaria reintroduction phase. Malaria J. 17, 1\u20138 (2018).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2581-1"},{"key":"13256_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2019.363.4370","volume":"36","author":"JJ Montenegro-Idrogo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Montenegro-Idrogo, J. J., Vargas-Gonzales, R. & Sihuincha, M. Malaria in HIV-Infected patients: a series of cases in a peruvian hospital. Rev. Peru Med. Exp. Salud Publica. 36, 520\u2013524 (2019).","journal-title":"Rev. Peru Med. Exp. Salud Publica."},{"key":"13256_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03518-9","volume":"20","author":"PL Del-Tejo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Del-Tejo, P. L. et al. Should we care about Plasmodium vivax and HIV co-infection? A systematic review and a cases series from the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J. 20, 13 (2021).","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"13256_CR28","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Boletim Epidemiol\u00f3gico Mal\u00e1ria. Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. Bras\u00edlia. (2020)."},{"key":"13256_CR29","unstructured":"Boletim Epidemiologico HIV\/Aids 2020. Boletim Epidemiol\u00f3gico HIV\/Aids2020. Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. 1, 68 (2020)"},{"key":"13256_CR30","unstructured":"Manual T\u00e9cnico para Diagn\u00f3stico da Infec\u00e7\u00e3o pelo HIV em Adultos e Crian\u00e7as|Departamento de Doen\u00e7as de Condi\u00e7\u00f5es Cr\u00f4nicas e Infec\u00e7\u00f5es Sexualmente Transmiss\u00edveis. (2018)"},{"key":"13256_CR31","unstructured":"Barroso. Valida\u00e7\u00e3o De Reagentes Nacionais Para a Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Do Tamp\u00e3o De Corrida Para O Teste R\u00e1pido Hiv-1\/2. (2012)"},{"key":"13256_CR32","unstructured":"Protocolos cl\u00ednicos e manuais|Departamento de Doen\u00e7as de Condi\u00e7\u00f5es Cr\u00f4nicas e Infec\u00e7\u00f5es Sexualmente Transmiss\u00edveis. (2017)"},{"key":"13256_CR33","unstructured":"Basic malaria microscopy [Recurso electr\u00f3nico]. Volume 2, Tutor\u2019s guide\/World Health Organization. (2010)"},{"key":"13256_CR34","unstructured":"Brasil. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. Departamento de Imuniza\u00e7\u00e3o e Doen\u00e7as Transmiss\u00edveis. Guia de tratamento da mal\u00e1ria no Brasil [recurso eletr\u00f4nico]\/Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade, Departamento de Imuniza\u00e7\u00e3o e Doen\u00e7as Transmiss\u00edveis. 2 ed. Bras\u00edlia: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (2020)"},{"key":"13256_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, J.D.A. Integra\u00e7\u00e3o de bases de dados administrativos com ferramentas gen\u00f4micas [doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/T.95.2021.tde-23072021-132101]. S\u00e3o Paulo: Bioinform\u00e1tica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (2021)","DOI":"10.11606\/T.95.2021.tde-23072021-132101"},{"key":"13256_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.01.013","volume":"7","author":"M Thenmozhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thenmozhi, M., Jeyaseelan, V., Jeyaseelan, L., Isaac, R. & Vedantam, R. Survival analysis in longitudinal studies for recurrent events: applications and challenges. Clin. Epidemiol. Global Health. 7, 253\u2013260 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Global Health."},{"key":"13256_CR37","first-page":"1593","volume":"4","author":"N Ukibe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ukibe, N. et al. CD 4 + T-cells count in HIV-malaria co-infection in adult population in Nnewi, South Eastern Nigeria. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 4, 1593\u20131601 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"13256_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16354-X","volume":"363","author":"AM Mount","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mount, A. M. et al. Impairment of humoral immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy by HIV infection. Lancet 363, 1860\u20131867 (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"13256_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu262","volume":"210","author":"W Hasang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hasang, W. et al. HIV-1 infection and antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum in adults. J. Infect. Dis. 210, 1407\u20131414 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54083-4","volume":"9","author":"ZD Musimbi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Musimbi, Z. D. et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptomes reveal an over-representation of down-regulated genes associated with immunity in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. Sci. Rep. 9, 18124 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"13256_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183840","volume":"12","author":"AG Costa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Costa, A. G. et al. Association of TLR variants with susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax malaria and parasitemia in the Amazon region of Brazil. PLoS ONE 12, 1\u201314 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13256_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.04.008","volume":"110","author":"AG Costa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Costa, A. G. et al. Polymorphisms in TLRs influence circulating cytokines production in Plasmodium vivax malaria: TLR polymorphisms influence cytokine productions in malaria-vivax. Cytokine 110, 374\u2013380 (2018).","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"13256_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12816","volume":"293","author":"LR Antonelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Antonelli, L. R. et al. The immunology of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Immunol. Rev. 293, 163\u2013189 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"13256_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"YO Chaves","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaves, Y. O. et al. Immune response pattern in recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria. Malaria J. BioMed. Central. 15, 1\u201313 (2016).","journal-title":"Malaria J. BioMed. Central."},{"key":"13256_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12705","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12705","volume":"42","author":"RR Soares","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soares, R. R. et al. Main B-cell epitopes of PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-9 are targeted by naturally acquired antibodies and epitope-specific memory cells in acute and convalescent phases of vivax malaria. Parasite Immunol. 42, e12705 (2020).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"13256_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318250","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/962047","volume":"2014","author":"AG da Costa","year":"2014","unstructured":"da Costa, A. G. et al. The robust and modulated biomarker network elicited by the Plasmodium vivax infection is mainly mediated by the IL-6\/IL-10 axis and is associated with the parasite load. J. Immunol. Res. 2014, 318250 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"13256_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.04692","volume":"3","author":"MT White","year":"2014","unstructured":"White, M. T. et al. Modelling the contribution of the hypnozoite reservoir to Plasmodium vivax transmission. Elife 3, 1\u201319 (2014).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"13256_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70095-1","volume":"13","author":"GD Shanks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shanks, G. D. & White, N. J. The activation of vivax malaria hypnozoites by infectious diseases. Lancet Infect. Dis. 13, 900\u2013906 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1086\/507310","volume":"194","author":"JP Van Geertruyden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Geertruyden, J. P. et al. HIV-1 immune suppression and antimalarial treatment outcome in Zambian adults with uncomplicated malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 194, 917\u2013925 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"13256_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.639-648.2006","volume":"50","author":"KT Andrews","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andrews, K. T. et al. Potencies of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo against murine malaria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 639\u2013648 (2006).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"13256_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115506","volume":"9","author":"CV Hobbs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hobbs, C. V. et al. Neither the HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir-ritonavir nor the antimicrobial trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prevent malaria relapse in plasmodium cynomolgi-infected non-human primates. PLoS ONE 9, e115506 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13256_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.174","volume":"73","author":"IF Khalil","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khalil, I. F. et al. Response of Plasmodium falciparum to cotrimoxazole therapy: relationship with plasma drug concentrations and dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genotypes. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 174\u2013177 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"13256_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1179\/146532809X440699","volume":"29","author":"V Briand","year":"2009","unstructured":"Briand, V., Badaut, C. & Cot, M. Placental malaria, maternal HIV infection and infant morbidity. Ann. Trop. Paediat. 29, 71\u201383 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Paediat."},{"key":"13256_CR54","first-page":"123","volume":"279","author":"TE Kwenti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwenti, T. E. Malaria and HIV coinfection in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence, impact, and treatment strategies. Res. Rep. Trop. Med. 279, 123\u2013136 (2018).","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"13256_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88257","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088257","volume":"9","author":"A Berg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berg, A. et al. Increased severity and mortality in adults co-infected with malaria and HIV in Maputo, Mozambique: a prospective cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 9, e88257 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13256_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832f4215","volume":"23","author":"C Mouala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mouala, C. et al. Impact of HIV infection on severity of imported malaria is restricted to patients with CD4 cell counts < 350 cells\/microl. AIDS 23, 1997\u20132004 (2009).","journal-title":"AIDS"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-13256-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-13256-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-13256-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T03:49:19Z","timestamp":1669348159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-13256-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13256-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9076"}}