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In this work, individual bees of known age were sampled both in spring and autumn, and their digestive tracts were assessed for\n                    <jats:italic>N. ceranae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Intestinal microbiome was assessed by sequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene in two different gut sections, the anterior section (AS; midgut and a half of ileum) and the posterior section (PS; second half of ileum and rectum). A preliminary analysis with a first batch of samples (n\u2009=\u200942) showed that AS samples had a higher potential to discriminate between infected and non-infected bees than PS samples. As a consequence, AS samples were selected for subsequent analyses. When analyzing the whole set of AS samples (n\u2009=\u2009158) no changes in \u03b1- or \u03b2-diversity were observed between infected and non-infected bees. However, significant changes in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes appeared when a subgroup of highly infected bees was compared to the group of non-infected bees. Seasonality and bees\u2019 age had a significant impact in shaping the bacteriome structure and composition of the bees\u2019 gut. Further research is needed to elucidate possible associations between the microbiome and\n                    <jats:italic>N. ceranae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in order to find efficient strategies for prevention of infections through modulation of bees\u2019 microbiome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13337-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T06:02:39Z","timestamp":1654322559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effect of Nosema ceranae infection and season on the gut bacteriome composition of the European honeybee (Apis mellifera)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"Jabal-Uriel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Higes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Miguel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Mart\u00edn-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"13337_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.22517","volume":"4","author":"P Engel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Engel, P. & Moran, N. 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