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Seedling protection by chemicals is gradually being restricted or banned for environmental reasons, and non-chemical alternatives are therefore needed. In this 3-year study, we compared the following five treatments for protecting Norway spruce seedlings against <jats:italic>H. abietis<\/jats:italic> in the Central European mountains where the weevil is especially abundant: alpha-cypermethrin sprays (the only chemical treatment); coating with sprayed glue (Vermifix); wax coating with C and F types (Norsk Wax); and physical protection with collars. The same block design was set up at a clear-cut site and at a nursery site to compare seedling mortality and wax quality under \u201cwild conditions\u201d with pests and under \u201cideal conditions\u201d without pests. Repeated application of alpha-cypermethrin was the most effective and least expensive method to protect seedlings against <jats:italic>H. abietis<\/jats:italic>. Among the four non-chemical methods, repeated application of glue was the most effective. Because collars were moderately effective but not cost-effective, we do not recommend the use of collars. Wax was inexpensive and environmentally safe but protected seedlings for only 1\u00a0year; the newer F type of wax performed better than the C type of wax, and perhaps the F type can be improved. In general we found that seedlings at sites with high numbers of <jats:italic>H. abietis<\/jats:italic> require protection for at least 3\u00a0years. We conclude by providing an overview of all methods currently available for managing <jats:italic>H. abietis<\/jats:italic> in forests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13729-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T09:03:04Z","timestamp":1654938184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comprehensive comparison of treatments for controlling the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) in Central Europe"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juraj","family":"Galko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Lal\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Slavom\u00edr","family":"Rell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christo","family":"Nikolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Barta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Pittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Hyblerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Z\u00fabrik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Kunca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jozef","family":"Vakula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Gubka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1459-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Holu\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"13729_CR1","unstructured":"Day, K. 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