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Time of exposure to disease and recurrences are potentially major determinant variables. Cognitive impairment is described mainly in children, rarely in adults. The disease in high endemic areas usually does not affect elderlies, because of acquired immunity over time. However, this population is relatively more frequently sick in lower endemic areas, such as in the Amazon. This study assessed the effect of <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria on the executive and cognitive functions of elderlies, in the Brazilian Amazon. A cohort study was conducted to evaluate executive and cognitive functions one week (T0), two months (T2) and eight months (T8) after the malaria episode. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS-III), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were used to assess executive and cognitive functions. One hundred-forty elderlies were enrolled (70 with <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria and 70 without malaria). <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria was associated with impairment of the executive and cognitive functions in elderlies for up to 8\u00a0months after acute <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria. Prior history of malaria, recurrences and higher parasitemia were independently associated with various surrogates of executive and cognitive impairment. With the increase in life expectancy, elderlies living in malaria endemic areas will deserve more attention from health authorities, to guarantee improvement of their quality of life in the tropics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14175-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T12:07:21Z","timestamp":1655726841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of Plasmodium vivax malaria on executive and cognitive functions in elderlies in the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rockson C.","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela F.","family":"Oliveira-Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda K. 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