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However, broadening its applicability can identify possible refinement approaches such as cumulative severity and habituation to painful stimuli. Therefore, this study focuses on two main aspects: First, five composite MGS criteria were evaluated with two independent methods (the MoBPs algorithm and a penalized least squares regression) and ranked for their relative importance. The most important variable was used in a second analysis to specifically evaluate the context of pain after an <jats:italic>i.p.<\/jats:italic> injection (intervention) in two treatment groups (CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and oil (control)) at fixed times throughout four weeks in 24 male C57BL\/6\u00a0N mice. One hour before and after each intervention, video recordings were taken, and the MGS assessment was performed. In this study, the results indicate orbital tightening as the most important criterion. In this experimental setup, a highly significant difference after treatment between week 0 and 1 was found in the CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> group, resulting in a medium-sized effect (W\u2009=\u200962.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001, r<jats:sub>CCl4<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.64). The oil group showed no significant difference (week 0 vs 1, W\u2009=\u2009291.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value\u2009=\u20090.7875, r<jats:sub>control<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.04). Therefore, the study showed that the pain caused by <jats:italic>i.p.<\/jats:italic> injections was only dependent on the applied substance, and no significant cumulation or habituation occurred due to the intervention. Further, the results indicated that the MGS system can be simplified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14852-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T17:32:08Z","timestamp":1656437528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A model-specific simplification of the Mouse Grimace Scale based on the pain response of intraperitoneal CCl4 injections"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Ernst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Kopaczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorit","family":"Merhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Bleich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9 H.","family":"Tolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"14852_CR1","unstructured":"European-Parliament. 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