{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T04:17:44Z","timestamp":1774585064073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the contribution of external trunk morphology and posture to running performance in an evolutionary framework. It has been proposed that the evolution from primitive to derived features of torso shape involved changes from a mediolaterally wider into a narrower, and antero-posteriorly deeper into a shallower, more lightly built external trunk configuration, possibly in relation to habitat-related changes in locomotor and running behaviour. In this context we produced experimental data to address the hypothesis that medio-laterally narrow and antero-posteriorly shallow torso morphologies favour endurance running capacities. We used 3D geometric morphometrics to relate external 3D trunk shape of trained, young male volunteers (N\u2009=\u200927) to variation in running velocities during different workloads determined at 45\u201350%, 70% and 85% of heart rate reserve (HRR) and maximum velocity. Below 85% HRR no relationship existed between torso shape and running velocity. However, at 85% HRR and, more clearly, at maximum velocity, we found highly statistically significant relations between external torso shape and running performance. Among all trained subjects those with a relatively narrow, flat torso, a small thoracic kyphosis and a more pronounced lumbar lordosis achieved significantly higher running velocities. These results support the hypothesis that external trunk morphology relates to running performance. Low thoracic kyphosis with a flatter ribcage may affect positively respiratory biomechanics, while increased lordosis affects trunk posture and may be beneficial for lower limb biomechanics related to leg return. Assuming that running workload at 45\u201350% HRR occurs within aerobic metabolism, our results may imply that external torso shape is unrelated to the evolution of endurance running performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15344-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T15:10:52Z","timestamp":1657552252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Variation in human 3D trunk shape and its functional implications in hominin evolution"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Bastir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Garrido L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"G\u00f3mez-Recio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Beyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro F.","family":"San Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"15344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2001.0528","volume":"42","author":"RG Franciscus","year":"2002","unstructured":"Franciscus, R. G. & Churchill, S. E. The costal skeleton of Shanidar 3 and a reappraisal of Neandertal thoracic morphology. J. Hum. Evol. 42, 303\u2013356 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06803-z","volume":"9","author":"A G\u00f3mez-Olivencia","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Olivencia, A. et al. 3D virtual reconstruction of the Kebara 2 Neandertal thorax. Nat. Commun. 9, 4387 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"15344_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1240-4","volume":"4","author":"M Bastir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bastir, M. et al. Rib cage anatomy in Homo erectus suggests a recent evolutionary origin of modern human body shape. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1178\u20131187 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabb4377","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb4377","volume":"6","author":"D Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, D. et al. Early development of the Neanderthal ribcage reveals a different body shape at birth compared to modern humans. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb4377 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"15344_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/20430","volume":"399","author":"JL Arsuaga","year":"1999","unstructured":"Arsuaga, J. L. et al. A complete human pelvis from the middle pleistocene of Spain. Nature 399, 255\u2013258 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"15344_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1163592","volume":"322","author":"SW Simpson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simpson, S. W. et al. A female Homo erectus pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia. Science 322, 1089\u20131092 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"15344_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2020.102854","volume":"147","author":"N Torres-Tamayo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Torres-Tamayo, N. et al. Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics of thorax-pelvis covariation and its potential for predicting the thorax morphology: A case study on Kebara 2 Neandertal. J. Hum. Evol. 147, 102854 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01150-w","volume":"19","author":"E Stansfield","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stansfield, E., Fischer, B., Grunstra, N. D. S., Pouca, M. V. & Mitteroecker, P. The evolution of pelvic canal shape and rotational birth in humans. BMC Biol. 19, 1\u201311 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"15344_CR9","first-page":"153","volume-title":"The Human Spine","author":"MR Meyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meyer, M. R. & Williams, S. A. The Spine of Early Pleistocene Homo. In The Human Spine (eds Been, E. et al.) 153\u20131845 (Springer, 2019)."},{"key":"15344_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.02.006","volume":"64","author":"A G\u00f3mez-Olivencia","year":"2013","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Olivencia, A., Couture-Veschambre, C., Madelaine, S. & Maureille, B. The vertebral column of the Regourdou 1 Neandertal. J. Hum. Evol. 64, 582\u2013607 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.03.008","volume":"108","author":"M Bastir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bastir, M. et al. Three-dimensional morphometrics of thoracic vertebrae in Neandertals and the fossil evidence from El Sidr\u00f3n (Asturias, Northern Spain). J. Hum. Evol. 108, 47\u201361 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21633","volume":"147","author":"E Been","year":"2012","unstructured":"Been, E., G\u00f3mez-Olivencia, A. & Kramer, P. A. Lumbar lordosis of extinct hominins. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 147, 64\u201377 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"15344_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23559","volume":"300","author":"E Been","year":"2017","unstructured":"Been, E. et al. Evolution of spinopelvic alignment in hominins. Anat. Rec. 300, 900\u2013911 (2017).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"15344_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820745116","volume":"116","author":"M Haeusler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haeusler, M. et al. Morphology, pathology, and the vertebral posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116, 4923\u20134927 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"15344_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.10.003","volume":"58","author":"C Ruff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruff, C. Body size and body shape in early hominins\u2014implications of the Gona Pelvis. J. Hum. Evol. 58, 166\u2013178 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/204350","volume":"36","author":"A Aiello","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aiello, A. & Wheeler, P. The expensive tissue hypothesis: The brain and digestive system in human and primate evolution. Curr. Anthropol. 36, 199\u2013221 (1995).","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"key":"15344_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03052","volume":"432","author":"DM Bramble","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bramble, D. M. & Lieberman, D. E. Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature 432, 345\u2013352 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"15344_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieberman, D. E., Bramble, D. M., Raichlen, D. A. & Shea, J. J. Brains, brawn and the volution of human endurance running capabilities. in The first humans: origin and early evolution of the genus Homo. 77\u201392 (Springer, 2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9980-9_8"},{"key":"15344_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.11.002","volume":"60","author":"DA Raichlen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raichlen, D. A., Armstrong, H. & Lieberman, D. E. Calcaneus length determines running economy: Implications for endurance running performance in modern humans and Neandertals. J. Hum. Evol. 60, 299\u2013308 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2018.12.023","volume":"217","author":"JR Stewart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stewart, J. R. et al. Palaeoecological and genetic evidence for Neanderthal power locomotion as an adaptation to a woodland environment. Quat. Sci. Rev. 217, 310\u2013315 (2019).","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"15344_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06134","volume":"449","author":"D Lordkipanidze","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lordkipanidze, D. et al. Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature 449, 305\u2013310 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"15344_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.05.031","volume":"27","author":"H Pontzer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pontzer, H. Economy and endurance in human evolution. Curr. Biol. 27, R613\u2013R621 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"15344_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16028","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903864106","volume":"106","author":"TD Weaver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weaver, T. D. The meaning of Neandertal skeletal morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 16028\u201316033 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"15344_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.04.001","volume":"53","author":"KL Steudel-Numbers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Steudel-Numbers, K. L., Weaver, T. D. & Wall-Scheffler, C. M. The evolution of human running: Effects of changes in lower-limb length on locomotor economy. J. Hum. Evol. 53, 191\u2013196 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2014.93.02","volume":"9","author":"K Mattes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattes, K., Schaffert, N., Habermann, N. & M\u00fchlbach, T. A longitudinal study of kinematic stride characteristics in maximal sprint running. J. Hum. Sport 9, 686\u2013699 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport"},{"key":"15344_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268502","volume":"32","author":"T Kubo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kubo, T. Contribution of trunk muscularity on sprint run. Int. J. Sports Med. 32, 223\u2013228 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"15344_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000155393.78744.86","volume":"37","author":"J Esteve-Lanao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Esteve-Lanao, J., Sanjuan, A. F., Earnest, C., Foster, C. & Lucia, A. How do endurance runners actually train? Relationship with competition performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37, 496\u2013504 (2005).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"15344_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31816a861f","volume":"22","author":"J Esteve-Lanao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Esteve-Lanao, J., Rhea, M. R., Fleck, S. J. & Lucia, A. Running-specific, periodized strength training attenuates loss of stride length during intense endurance running. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22, 1176\u20131183 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"15344_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Oeveren, B. T., de Ruiter, C. J., Beek, P. J. & van Die\u00ebn, J. H. The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis. Sports Biomech. 1\u201339 (2021).","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2021.1873411"},{"key":"15344_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2019.00032","volume":"1","author":"S Fujita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fujita, S. A 100-m sprint time is associated with deep trunk muscle thickness in collegiate male sprinters. Front. Sports Act. Living 1, 32 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"15344_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2012.10599846","volume":"83","author":"K Copaver","year":"2012","unstructured":"Copaver, K., Hertogh, C. & Hue, O. The effects of psoas major and lumbar lordosis on hip flexion and sprint performance. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 83, 160\u2013167 (2012).","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"15344_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2021.102817","volume":"78","author":"A Warrener","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warrener, A., Tamai, R. & Lieberman, D. E. The effect of trunk flexion angle on lower limb mechanics during running. Hum. Mov. Sci. 78, 102817 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"15344_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23189","volume":"163","author":"ER Castillo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castillo, E. R., Hsu, C., Mair, R. W. & Lieberman, D. E. Testing biomechanical models of human lumbar lordosis variability. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 163, 110\u2013121 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"15344_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb177949","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.177949","volume":"221","author":"ER Castillo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castillo, E. R. & Lieberman, D. E. Shock attenuation in the human lumbar spine during walking and running. J. Exp. Biol. 221, jeb177949 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"15344_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.4.1256","volume":"83","author":"A Aliverti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aliverti, A. et al. Human respiratory muscle actions and control during exercise. J Appl. Physiol. 83, 1256\u20131269 (1997).","journal-title":"J Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"15344_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.4.1242","volume":"83","author":"CM Kenyon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kenyon, C. M. et al. Rib cage mechanics during quiet breathing and exercise in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 83, 1242\u20131255 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"15344_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23705","volume":"167","author":"N Torres-Tamayo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torres-Tamayo, N. The torso integration hypothesis revisited in Homo sapiens: Contributions to the understanding of hominin body shape evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 167, 777\u2013790 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"15344_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2015-0271","volume":"32","author":"C Waldock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waldock, C., Milne, N., Rubenson, J. & Donnelly, C. J. The use of geometric morphometric techniques to identify sexual dimorphism in Gait. J. Appl. Biomech. 32, 441\u2013448 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"15344_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02043","volume":"87","author":"R Vialle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vialle, R. et al. Radiographic analysis of the sagittal alignment and balance of the spine in asymptomatic subjects. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 87, 260\u2013267 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"15344_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23918","volume":"170","author":"S Lois Zlolniski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lois Zlolniski, S. et al. 3D geometric morphometric analysis of variation in the human lumbar spine. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 170, 361\u2013372 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"15344_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2020.05.054","volume":"566\u2013567","author":"D Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, D. et al. Sexual dimorphism in the vertebral wedging of the human lumbar vertebrae and its importance as a comparative framework for understanding the wedging pattern of Neanderthals. Quat. Int. 566\u2013567, 224\u2013232 (2020).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"15344_CR42","first-page":"35","volume":"8","author":"C Hsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hsu, C., Castillo, E. & Lieberman, D. The relationship between trunk muscle strength and flexibility, intervertebral disc wedging, and human lumbar lordosis. Harvard Undergrad. Res. J. 8, 35\u201341 (2015).","journal-title":"Harvard Undergrad. Res. J."},{"key":"15344_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb189357","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.189357","volume":"222","author":"W\u00c9 Callison","year":"2019","unstructured":"Callison, W. \u00c9., Holowka, N. B. & Lieberman, D. E. Thoracic adaptations for ventilation during locomotion in humans and other mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 222, jeb189357 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"15344_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-876OC","volume":"168","author":"F Bellemare","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bellemare, F., Jeanneret, A. & Couture, J. Sex differences in thoracic dimensions and configuration. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168, 305\u2013312 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"15344_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.04.002","volume":"150","author":"F Bellemare","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bellemare, F., Fuamba, T. & Bourgeault, A. Sexual dimorphism of human ribs. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 150, 233\u2013239 (2006).","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"15344_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.10.007","volume":"21","author":"JA Sanchis-Gimeno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchis-Gimeno, J. A. et al. Association between ribs shape and pulmonary function in patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta. J. Adv. Res. 21, 177\u2013185 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"15344_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.01.007","volume":"29","author":"B Beyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beyer, B. et al. In vivo thorax 3D modelling from costovertebral joint complex kinematics. Clin. Biomech. 29, 434\u2013438 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"15344_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.07.003","volume":"232","author":"B Beyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beyer, B., Van Sint Jan, S., Ch\u00e8ze, L., Sholukha, V. & Feipel, V. Relationship between costovertebral joint kinematics and lung volume in supine humans. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 232, 57\u201365 (2016).","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"15344_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086566","volume":"102","author":"PB Dominelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dominelli, P. B. et al. Effects of respiratory muscle work on respiratory and locomotor blood flow during exercise. Exp. Physiol. 102, 1535\u20131547 (2017).","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"15344_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44844-6","volume":"9","author":"M Horiuchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horiuchi, M., Kirihara, Y., Fukuoka, Y. & Pontzer, H. Sex differences in respiratory and circulatory cost during hypoxic walking: potential impact on oxygen saturation. Sci. Rep. 9, 9550 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"15344_CR51","first-page":"1","volume":"97","author":"M Bastir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bastir, M. et al. Workflows in a Virtual Morphology Lab: 3D scanning, measuring, and printing. J. Anthropol. Sci. 97, 1\u201328 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"15344_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06583-5","volume":"30","author":"JM Gonz\u00e1lez-Ruiz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ruiz, J. M., P\u00e9rez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, M. I., Garc\u00eda-Alfaro, M. D. & Bastir, M. Geometric morphometrics of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective observational study. Eur. Spine J. 30, 612\u2013619 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"15344_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009097","volume":"207","author":"LG Pugh","year":"1970","unstructured":"Pugh, L. G. Oxygen intake in track and treadmill running with observations on the effect of air resistance. J. Physiol. 207, 823\u2013835 (1970).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"15344_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1139\/h06-029","volume":"31","author":"A Lucia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lucia, A. et al. Physiological characteristics of the best Eritrean runners-exceptional running economy. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 31, 530\u2013540 (2006).","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"15344_CR55","unstructured":"Hammer, \u00d8. PAST: Palaeontological Statistics, version 3.25. (2019)"},{"key":"15344_CR56","first-page":"103","volume":"24","author":"P Gunz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gunz, P. & Mitteroecker, P. Semilandmarks: A method for quantifying curves and surfaces. Hystrix 24, 103\u2013109 (2013).","journal-title":"Hystrix"},{"key":"15344_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x","volume":"11","author":"CP Klingenberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klingenberg, C. P. MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 11, 353\u2013357 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"15344_CR58","unstructured":"StatSoft. Statistica 8.0. StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA. (1984\u20132007)."},{"key":"15344_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035","volume":"4","author":"DC Adams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adams, D. C. & Ot\u00e1rola-Castillo, E. Geomorph: An R package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 393\u2013399 (2013).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR60","unstructured":"R. Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (2017)."},{"key":"15344_CR61","unstructured":"EVAN-Society. ET, Toolkit for geometric morphometric analysis (2010)."},{"key":"15344_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508681103","volume":"103","author":"KR Rosenberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosenberg, K. R., Zun\u00e9, L. & Ruff, C. B. Body size, body proportions, and encephalization in a Middle Pleistocene archaic human from northern China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 3552\u20133556 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"15344_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.10.014","volume":"115","author":"CB Ruff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruff, C. B., Burgess, M. L., Squyres, N., Junno, J.-A. & Trinkaus, E. Lower limb articular scaling and body mass estimation in Pliocene and Pleistocene hominins. J. Hum. Evol. 115, 85\u2013111 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0690-3","volume":"20","author":"JM Ball","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ball, J. M., Cagle, P., Johnson, B. E., Lucasey, C. & Lukert, B. P. Spinal extension exercises prevent natural progression of kyphosis. Osteoporos. Int. 20, 481\u2013489 (2009).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"15344_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517714591","volume":"32","author":"Q Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng, Q., Wang, M., Zhang, Y. & Zhou, Y. The effect of a corrective functional exercise program on postural thoracic kyphosis in teenagers: A randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 32, 48\u201356 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"15344_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.13066\/kspm.2018.13.3.81","volume":"13","author":"J-Y Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang, J.-Y., Seo, D.-K., Cho, J.-C. & Lee, B.-K. Effectiveness of breathing exercises on spinal posture, mobility and stabilization in patients with lumbar instability. J. Korean Soc. Phys. Med. 13, 81\u201389 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Phys. Med."},{"key":"15344_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35965","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035965","volume":"7","author":"A LoMauro","year":"2012","unstructured":"LoMauro, A. et al. Rib cage deformities alter respiratory muscle action and chest wall function in patients with severe osteogenesis imperfecta. PLoS ONE 7, e35965 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"15344_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/387173a0","volume":"387","author":"CB Ruff","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ruff, C. B., Trinkaus, E. & Holliday, T. W. Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature 387, 173\u2013176 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"15344_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46646-0_18","volume-title":"Human Paleontology and Prehistory","author":"E Been","year":"2017","unstructured":"Been, E., G\u00f3mez-Olivencia, A., Kramer, P. A. & Barash, A. 3D Reconstruction of the spinal posture in the Kebara 2 Neanderthal. In Human Paleontology and Prehistory (eds Marom, A. & Hovers, E.) 239\u2013251 (Springer, 2017)."},{"key":"15344_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latimer, B. & Ward, C.V. The thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, in The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. 266\u2013293 (Harvard University Press, 1993).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10382-1_12"},{"key":"15344_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.09.005","volume":"80","author":"CB Ruff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruff, C. B. & Burgess, M. L. How much more would KNM-WT 15000 have grown?. J. Hum. Evol. 80, 74\u201382 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"15344_CR72","unstructured":"Torres-Tamayo, N. et al. New reconstruction of the pelvis of KNM-WT 15000 supports a wide body shape for Early African H. erectus. Proc. Eur. Soc. Stud. Hum. Evol. 120 (2021)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-15344-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-15344-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-15344-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T06:49:02Z","timestamp":1669358942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-15344-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-15344-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11762"}}