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The effects of social buffering has not yet been examined in relation to disbudding; a painful husbandry procedure commonly performed on young dairy calves. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pair versus individual housing on calves\u2019 behavioral reaction to disbudding. In total 52 female calves were randomly allocated either to individual (n\u2009=\u200916) or pair housing (n\u2009=\u200936, 18 focal). Calves were hot-iron disbudded with a local anesthetic and their spontaneous behavior in home pens was recorded for 24\u00a0h pre- and post-disbudding. Eating forage, ruminating, resting, exploration, play, self-grooming, and pain-related behaviors were quantified during eight 20\u00a0min intervals during the 24\u00a0h periods pre- as well as post-disbudding. In pair-housed (PAIR) calves social resting, active and passive allo-grooming were additionally recorded. The differences between individually housed (INDI, n\u2009=\u200910) and PAIR calves (n\u2009=\u200912) were tested by general linear models. The changes in pre- and post-disbudding behaviors in all calves as well as in social behaviors of PAIR calves were tested by paired t-test. We found that head shaking (t\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20093.46, P\u2009=\u20090.0024), head rubbing (t\u2009=\u20094.96, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and self-grooming (t\u2009=\u20092.11, P\u2009=\u20090.04) increased in all calves after disbudding. Eating forage increased only in PAIR calves (t\u2009=\u20092.50, P\u2009=\u20090.030) which also resulted in a difference between treatments with PAIR calves fed more often than INDI calves (F<jats:sub>1,18<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200912.96, P\u2009=\u20090.002). Differences in eating forage may be an indication of improved ability of PAIR calves to recover from disbudding. No other significant differences were detected between treatment groups which might have been caused by our limited sample. Our results provide the first evidence that housing treatment affects calves\u2019 reactions to disbudding, with possible indication of social buffering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15919-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T16:02:34Z","timestamp":1659542554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Indication of social buffering in disbudded calves"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Katar\u00edna","family":"Bu\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Moravcs\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radka","family":"\u0160\u00e1rov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radko","family":"Rajmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"\u0160pinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"15919_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.02.005","volume":"92","author":"G Stilwell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stilwell, G., Lima, M. 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