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However, no appropriate modality exists for monitoring its therapeutic response immediately after initiation. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the clinical relevance of\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F-FDG PET\/CT versus CT in predicting the response to PD-1 blockade in the early phase. This prospective study included a total of 54 NSCLC patients.\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F-FDG PET\/CT was performed at 4\u00a0weeks and 9\u00a0weeks after PD-1 blockade monotherapy. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUL\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were evaluated. Among all patients, partial metabolic response and progressive metabolic disease after PD-1 blockade were observed in 35.2% and 11.1% on SUL\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 22.2% and 51.8% on MTV, and 27.8% and 46.3% on TLG, respectively, whereas a partial response (PR) and progressive disease (PD), respectively, based on RECIST v1.1 were recognized in 35.2% and 35.2%, respectively. The predictive probability of PR (MTV: 57.9% vs. 21.1%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.044; TLG: 63.2% vs. 21.1%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.020) and PD (MTV: 78.9% vs. 47.3%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002; TLG: 73.7% vs. 21.1%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007) detected based on RECIST at 4\u00a0weeks after PD-1 blockade initiation was significantly higher using MTV or TLG on\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F-FDG uptake than on CT. Multivariate analysis revealed that metabolic response by MTV or TLG at 4\u00a0weeks was an independent factor for response to PD-1 blockade treatment. Metabolic assessment by MTV or TLG was superior to morphological changes on CT for predicting the therapeutic response and survival at 4\u00a0weeks after PD-1 blockade.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15964-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T18:26:16Z","timestamp":1657650376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prospective assessment using 18F-FDG PET\/CT as a novel predictor for early response to PD-1 blockade in non-small-cell lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ou","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoichi","family":"Kaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Naruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Umeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunari","family":"Tateishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norimitsu","family":"Kasahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Shinomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Shiono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuto","family":"Mouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisao","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunihiko","family":"Iizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamotsu","family":"Ishizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Minato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Suda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kagamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiei","family":"Kuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiko","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"15964_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.0412","volume":"36","author":"S Gettinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gettinger, S. et al. 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J Nucl Med 50(Suppl 1), 122S-S150 (2009).","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-15964-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-15964-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-15964-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T02:02:03Z","timestamp":1669341723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-15964-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15964"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-15964-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"KK has received research grants and a speaker honorarium from Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly Japan, Nihon Medi-Physics Co.,Ltd and AstraZeneca. OY have received a speaker honorarium from Eli Lilly, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Chugai Pharmaceutical, and AstraZeneca. AM have received a speaker honorarium from Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Merck Biopharma Company, Novartis Pharma, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Chugai Pharmaceutical, and AstraZeneca. HK has received research grants and a speaker honorarium from Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Bristol-Myers Company, Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Merck Biopharma Company, Eli Lilly Japan, and AstraZeneca. SW has received grants and a speaker honorarium from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Boehringer Ingelheim, a speaker honorarium from Chugai Pharma, Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol-Myers, MSD, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Novartis and Daiichi Sankyo. KI received research grants and a speaker honorarium from AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharma, Bristol-Myers, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Novartis International AG, Daiichi Sankyo Company. NS has received research grants and a speaker honorarium from Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Bristol-Myers Company, MSD, AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharmaceutical,\u00a0Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer Japan, Eli Lilly Japan, Taiho Pharmaceutical,\u00a0Daiichi Sankyo Company, and Merck Biopharma Company. IK has received research grants from FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd. and Nihon Medi-Physics Co.,Ltd. All other authors declare no potential conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11832"}}