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Yet there is a shortage of data on this vaccine's performance in diverse populations. Here, we performed a prospective cohort study to assess the reactogenicity and immunologic outcomes of Sputnik-V vaccination in Kazakhstan. COVID-19-free participants (n\u2009=\u200982 at baseline) were followed at day 21 after Sputnik-V dose 1 (rAd5) and dose 2 (rAd26). Self-reported local and systemic adverse events were captured using questionnaires. Blood and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to perform SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic and immunologic assays. We observed that\u00a0most of the reported adverse events were mild-to-moderate injection site or systemic reactions, no severe or potentially life-threatening conditions were reported,\u00a0and dose 1 appeared to be more reactogenic than dose 2. The seroconversion rate was 97% post-dose 1, remaining the same post-dose 2. The proportion of participants with detectable virus neutralization was 83% post-dose 1, increasing to 98% post-dose 2, with the largest relative increase observed in participants without prior COVID-19 exposure. Dose 1 boosted nasal S-IgG and S-IgA, while the boosting effect of dose 2 on mucosal S-IgG, but not S-IgA, was only observed in subjects without prior COVID-19. Systemically, vaccination reduced serum levels of growth regulated oncogene (GRO), which correlated with an elevation in blood platelet count. Overall,\u00a0Sputnik-V dose 1 elicited both blood and mucosal SARS-CoV-2 immunity, while the immune boosting effect of dose 2 was minimal. Thus, adjustments to the current vaccine dosing regimen are necessary to optimize immunization efficacy and cost-effectiveness. While Sputnik-V reactogenicity is similar to that of other COVID-19 vaccines, the induced alterations to the GRO\/platelet axis warrant investigation of the vaccine\u2019s effects on systemic immunology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17514-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T15:07:07Z","timestamp":1659366427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Sputnik-V reactogenicity and immunogenicity in the blood and mucosa: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sergey","family":"Yegorov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Kadyrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baurzhan","family":"Negmetzhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yevgeniya","family":"Kolesnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Kolesnichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Korshukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeldar","family":"Baiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakhyt","family":"Matkarimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo H.","family":"Hortelano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Babenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"17514_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00234-8","volume":"397","author":"DY Logunov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Logunov, D. Y. et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: An interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. The Lancet 397, 671\u2013681 (2021).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"17514_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31866-3","volume":"396","author":"DY Logunov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Logunov, D. Y. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1\/2 studies from Russia. The Lancet 396, 887\u2013897 (2020).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"17514_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dolzhikova, I. V. et al. One-shot immunization with Sputnik Light (the first component of Sputnik V vaccine) is effective against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant: efficacy data on the use of the vaccine in civil circulation in Moscow. 2021.10.08.21264715 https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.10.08.21264715v1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.10.08.21264715 (2021) .","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.08.21264715v1 10.1101\/2021.10.08.21264715"},{"key":"17514_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barchuk, A. et al. Vaccine effectiveness against referral to hospital and severe lung injury associated with COVID-19: A Case-control study in St. Petersburg, Russia. 2021.08.18.21262065 Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.08.18.21262065 (2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.18.21262065"},{"key":"17514_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050817","volume":"10","author":"D Lapa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lapa, D. et al. Retention of neutralizing response against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in sputnik V-Vaccinated individuals. Vaccines 10, 817 (2022).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"17514_CR6","unstructured":"Gamaleya: Sputnik V \u2013 COVID19 vaccine tracker. https:\/\/covid19.trackvaccines.org\/vaccines\/12\/."},{"key":"17514_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01813-2","volume":"595","author":"B Nogrady","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nogrady, B. Mounting evidence suggests Sputnik COVID vaccine is safe and effective. Nature 595, 339\u2013340 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"17514_CR8","first-page":"408","volume":"81","author":"V Pagotto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pagotto, V. et al. Active monitoring of early safety of Sputnik V vaccine in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Medicina (B Aires) 81, 408\u2013414 (2021).","journal-title":"Medicina (B Aires)"},{"key":"17514_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montalti, M. et al. ROCCA study protocol and interim analysis on safety of Sputnik V vaccine (Gam-COVID-Vac) in the Republic of San Marino: An observational study using active surveillance. 2021.05.03.21256509 https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.03.21256509v1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.03.21256509 (2021) .","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.03.21256509v1 10.1101\/2021.05.03.21256509"},{"key":"17514_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00963-7","volume":"11","author":"F Babamahmoodi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Babamahmoodi, F. et al. Side effects and Immunogenicity following administration of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine in health care workers in Iran. Sci. Rep. 11, 21464 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"17514_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adjobimey, T. et al. Comparison of IgA, IgG and neutralizing antibody responses following immunization with Moderna, BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, Johnson and Johnson, and Sinopharm\u2019s COVID-19 vaccines. https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-1197023\/v1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1197023\/v1 (2021).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1197023\/v1"},{"key":"17514_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108351","volume":"101","author":"H Zare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zare, H., Rezapour, H., Mahmoodzadeh, S. & Fereidouni, M. Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccines (Sputnik V, AZD-1222, and Covaxin) side effects among healthcare workers in Birjand city, Iran. Int. Immunopharmacol. 101, 108351 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"17514_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeewandara, C. et al. Comparison of the Immunogenicity of five COVID-19 vaccines in Sri Lanka. 2021.12.15.21267834 https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.15.21267834v1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.15.21267834 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.15.21267834v1 10.1101\/2021.12.15.21267834"},{"key":"17514_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saeed, U. et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels among Sputnik V first dose vaccinated people in Pakistan: Formulation of national anti-COVID-19 mass vaccination strategy. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-480406\/v1 (2022).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-480406\/v1"},{"key":"17514_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malavige, G. et al. Immune responses following the first dose of the Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac). Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-787293\/v2 (2022).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-787293\/v2"},{"key":"17514_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11211","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011211","volume":"22","author":"E Martynova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martynova, E. et al. Long term immune response produced by the SputnikV vaccine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 11211 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"17514_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24909-9","volume":"12","author":"S Ikegame","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ikegame, S. et al. Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat. Commun. 12, 4598 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"17514_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, A. et al. Long-term antibody response following SPUTNIK V primary vaccination in healthcare workers with and without history of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Prospective cohort study from a hospital in Argentina. Vaccine: X. 11, 100187 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2022.100187"},{"key":"17514_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100359","volume":"2","author":"AH Rossi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rossi, A. H. et al. Sputnik V vaccine elicits seroconversion and neutralizing capacity to SARS-CoV-2 after a single dose. Cell Rep. Med. 2, 100359 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"17514_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100123","volume":"6","author":"RE Chahla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chahla, R. E. et al. Long-term analysis of antibodies elicited by SPUTNIK V: A prospective cohort study in Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina. Lancet Regional Health Am 6, 100123 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Regional Health Am"},{"key":"17514_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.070","volume":"111","author":"F Claro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Claro, F., Silva, D., Rodriguez, M., Rangel, H. R. & de Waard, J. H. Immunoglobulin G antibody response to the Sputnik V vaccine: Previous SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals may need just one vaccine dose. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 111, 261\u2013266 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"17514_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sheikh-Mohamed, S. et al. Systemic and mucosal IgA responses are variably induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and are associated with protection against subsequent infection. 2021.08.01.21261297 https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.08.01.21261297v4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.08.01.21261297  (2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.01.21261297v4 10.1101\/2021.08.01.21261297"},{"key":"17514_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100096","volume":"4","author":"S Yegorov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yegorov, S. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and virologic features of COVID-19 patients in Kazakhstan: A nation-wide retrospective cohort study. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 4, 100096 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"17514_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261272","volume":"16","author":"Y Pya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pya, Y. et al. Mortality predictors of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: Retrospective cohort study from Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. PLoS ONE 16, e0261272 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"17514_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06154-z","volume":"21","author":"A Gaipov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaipov, A. et al. SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive and PCR-negative cases of pneumonia admitted to the hospital during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of in-hospital and post-hospital mortality. BMC Infect. Dis. 21, 458 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"17514_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadyrova, I. et al. High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Karaganda, Kazakhstan before the launch of COVID-19 vaccination. PLoS One 17, e0272008 (2022).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272008"},{"key":"17514_CR27","unstructured":"Guidance for Industry: Toxicity grading scale for healthy adult and adolescent volunteers enrolled in preventive vaccine clinical trials. 10."},{"issue":"7","key":"17514_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200841","volume":"26","author":"NM Okba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okba, N. M. et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\u2212 specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease patients. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26(7), 1478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2607.200841 (2020).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"17514_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252317","volume":"16","author":"MP Gededzha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gededzha, M. P. et al. Performance of the EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA assay for detection of IgA and IgG antibodies in South Africa. PLoS ONE 16, e0252317 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"17514_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104468","volume":"129","author":"KG Beavis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beavis, K. G. et al. Evaluation of the EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Assay for detection of IgA and IgG antibodies. J. Clin. Virol. 129, 104468 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"17514_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17317-y","volume":"11","author":"CH GeurtsvanKessel","year":"2020","unstructured":"GeurtsvanKessel, C. H. et al. An evaluation of COVID-19 serological assays informs future diagnostics and exposure assessment. Nat. Commun. 11, 3436 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. 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Mucosal immune responses in COVID19 - a living review. Oxf. Open Immunol. 2, 002 (2021).","journal-title":"Oxf. Open Immunol."},{"key":"17514_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-02795-x","volume":"598","author":"E Callaway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Callaway, E. COVID super-immunity: One of the pandemic\u2019s great puzzles. Nature 598, 393\u2013394 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"17514_CR36","unstructured":"Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the COVID Symptom Study app in the UK: A   prospective observational study - The Lancet Infectious Diseases. https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/laninf\/article\/PIIS1473-3099(21)00224-3\/fulltext."},{"key":"17514_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sano, K. et al.  Efficient mucosal antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is induced in previously infected individuals. 2021.12.06.21267352 https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.06.21267352v1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.06.21267352  (2021) .","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.06.21267352v1 10.1101\/2021.12.06.21267352"},{"key":"17514_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab938","author":"B Grunau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grunau, B. et al. A higher antibody response is generated with a 6- to 7-week (vs Standard) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine dosing interval. Clin. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab938 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"17514_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry, H. et al. 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