{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:04:29Z","timestamp":1789675469932,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This descriptive case series retrospectively reviewed medical records from thirty-one previously healthy, war-fighting veterans who self-reported exposure to airborne hazards while serving in Iraq and Afghanistan between 2003 and the present. They all noted new-onset dyspnea, which began during deployment or as a military contractor. Twenty-one subjects underwent non-invasive pulmonary diagnostic testing, including maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) and impulse oscillometry (IOS). In addition, five soldiers received a lung biopsy; tissue results were compared to a previously published sample from a soldier in our Iraq Afghanistan War Lung Injury database and others in our database with similar exposures, including burn pits. We also reviewed civilian control samples (5) from the Stony Brook University database. Military personnel were referred to our International Center of Excellence in Deployment Health and Medical Geosciences, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell under the auspices of Northwell IRB: 17-0140-FIMR Feinstein Institution for Medical Research \u201cClinicopathologic characteristics of Iraq Afghanistan War Lung Injury.\u201d We retrospectively examined medical records, including exposure data, radiologic imaging, and non-invasive pulmonary function testing (MGC Diagnostic Platinum Elite Plethysmograph) using the American Thoracic Society (ATS) standard interpretation based on Morgan et al<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>, and for a limited cohort, biopsy data. Lung tissue, when available, was examined for carbonaceous particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Raman spectroscopy), metals, titanium connected to iron (Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source II, Beamline 5-ID), oxidized metals, combustion temperature, inflammatory cell accumulation and fibrosis, neutrophil extracellular traps, Sirius red, Prussian Blue, as well as polarizable crystals\/particulate matter\/dust. Among twenty-one previously healthy, deployable soldiers with non-invasive pulmonary diagnostic tests, post-deployment, all had severely decreased MEP values, averaging 42% predicted. These same patients concurrently demonstrated abnormal airways reactance (X5Hz) and peripheral\/distal airways resistance (D5\u2013D20%) via IOS, averaging \u2212\u20091369% and 23% predicted, respectively. These tests support the concept of airways hyperresponsiveness and distal airways narrowing, respectively. Among the five soldiers biopsied, all had constrictive bronchiolitis or bronchiolitis or severe pulmonary fibrosis. We detected the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)\u2014which are products of incomplete combustion\u2014in the lung tissue of all five warfighters. All also had detectable titanium and iron in the lungs. Metals were all oxidized, supporting the concept of inhaling burned metals. Combustion temperature was consistent with that of burned petrol rather than higher temperatures noted with cigarettes. All were nonsmokers. Neutrophil extracellular traps were reported in two biopsies. Compared to our prior biopsies in our Middle East deployment database, these histopathologic results are similar, since all database biopsies have constrictive bronchiolitis, one has lung fibrosis with titanium bound to iron in fixed mathematical ratios of 1:7 and demonstrated polarizable crystals. These results, particularly constrictive bronchiolitis and polarizable crystals, support the prior data of King et al. (N. Engl. J. Med. 365:222\u2013230, 2011) Soldiers in this cohort deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan since 2003, with exposure to airborne hazards, including sandstorms, burn pits, and improvised explosive devices, are at high risk for developing chronic clinical respiratory problems, including: (1) reduction in respiratory muscle strength; (2) airways hyperresponsiveness; and (3) distal airway narrowing, which may be associated with histopathologic evidence of lung damage, reflecting inhalation of burned particles from burn pits along with particulate matter\/dust. Non-invasive pulmonary diagnostic tests are a predictor of burn pit-induced lung injury.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18252-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T10:03:45Z","timestamp":1661767425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Iraq\/Afghanistan war lung injury reflects burn pits exposure"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Caruana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keely","family":"Cheslack-Postava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Szema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juergen","family":"Thieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malvika","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"McClain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Glotch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Promisloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikala","family":"Egeblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Szema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"18252_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31822c9f05","volume":"53","author":"AM Szema","year":"2011","unstructured":"Szema, A. M., Salihi, W., Savary, K. & Chen, J. J. respiratory symptoms necessitating spirometry among soldiers with Iraq\/Afghanistan war lung injury. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 53(9), 961\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31822c9f05 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"18252_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2010.31.3383","volume":"31","author":"AM Szema","year":"2010","unstructured":"Szema, A. M., Peters, M. C., Weissinger, K. M., Gagliano, C. A. & Chen, J. J. New-onset asthma among soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. Allergy Asthma Proc. 31(5), 67\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2500\/aap.2010.31.3383 (2010).","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"18252_CR3","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.research.va.gov\/currents\/0516-3.cfm"},{"issue":"5","key":"18252_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00443","volume":"179","author":"JH Abraham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abraham, J. H. et al. A retrospective cohort study of military deployment and postdeployment medical encounters for respiratory conditions. Mil. Med. 179(5), 540\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00443 (2014).","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"18252_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1101388","volume":"365","author":"MS King","year":"2011","unstructured":"King, M. S. et al. Constrictive bronchiolitis in soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. N. Engl. J. Med. 365(3), 222\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1101388 (2011).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"18252_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318252969a","volume":"54","author":"JH Abraham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abraham, J. H., DeBakey, S. F., Reid, L., Zhou, J. & Baird, C. P. Does deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan affect respiratory health of US military personnel. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 54(6), 740\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318252969a (2012).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"18252_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp287","volume":"170","author":"B Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith, B. et al. Newly reported respiratory symptoms and conditions among military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: a prospective population-based study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 170(11), 1433\u20131442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwp287 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"18252_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988315619005","volume":"11","author":"A Szema","year":"2017","unstructured":"Szema, A. et al. Proposed Iraq\/afghanistan war-lung injury (IAW-LI) clinical practice recommendations: national academy of sciences\u2019 institute of medicine burn pits workshop. Am. J. Mens Health 11(6), 1653\u20131663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988315619005 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Mens Health"},{"issue":"8 Suppl 1","key":"18252_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000771","volume":"58","author":"M Masiol","year":"2016","unstructured":"Masiol, M., Mallon, C. T., Haines, K. M. Jr., Utell, M. J. & Hopke, P. K. Airborne dioxins, furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure to military personnel in Iraq. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 58(8 Suppl 1), S22\u2013S30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000771 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"18252_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-75","volume":"11","author":"A Karakatsani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karakatsani, A. et al. Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory symptoms in individuals having either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A European multicenter panel study. Environ. Health 11, 75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-069X-11-75 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"8 Suppl 1","key":"18252_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000759","volume":"58","author":"M Masiol","year":"2016","unstructured":"Masiol, M., Mallon, C. T., Haines, K. M. Jr., Utell, M. J. & Hopke, P. K. Source apportionment of airborne dioxins, furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a United States forward operating air base during the Iraq war. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 58(8 Suppl 1), S31\u2013S37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000759 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"18252_CR12","unstructured":"US Department of Veterans Affairs. (2016). 10 things to know about burn pits - veterans affairs. publichealth.va.gov. https:\/\/www.publichealth.va.gov\/docs\/exposures\/ten-things-to-know-fact-sheet.pdf"},{"key":"18252_CR13","unstructured":"Biemiller, A. Home. Mit engineering. https:\/\/engineering.mit.edu\/engage\/ask-an-engineer\/can-we-safely-burn-used-plastic-objects-in-a-domestic-fireplace\/ (2013)."},{"key":"18252_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-013-5402-9","volume":"112","author":"YL Pan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pan, Y. L. et al. Single particle size and fluorescence spectra from emissions of burning materials in a tube furnace to simulate burn pits. Appl. Phys. B 112, 89\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00340-013-5402-9 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"issue":"39","key":"18252_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.09.001","volume":"44","author":"FS Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Silva, F. S., Cristale, J., Andr\u00e9, P. A., Saldiva, P. H. N. & Marchi, M. R. R. PM2.5 and PM1.0: The influence of sugarcane burning on potential cancer risk. Atmos. Environ. 44(39), 5133\u20135138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.09.001 (2010).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"18252_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000119","volume":"56","author":"AM Szema","year":"2014","unstructured":"Szema, A. M. et al. Iraq dust is respirable, sharp, and metal-laden and induces lung inflammation with fibrosis in mice via IL-2 upregulation and depletion of regulatory T cells. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 56(3), 243\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000119 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"18252_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0219-7","volume":"5","author":"N Assad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Assad, N., Sood, A., Campen, M. J. & Zychowski, K. E. Metal-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 5(4), 486\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-018-0219-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"18252_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/01902148.2018.1459957","volume":"44","author":"D Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, D. et al. Rux largely restores lungs in Iraq PM-exposed mice, Up-regulating regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Exp. Lung Res. 44(3), 153\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01902148.2018.1459957 (2018).","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"18252_CR19","unstructured":"Beynon, S. VA has denied about 78% of disability claims from burn pits. Stars and Stripes. Retrieved February 14, 2022, from https:\/\/www.stripes.com\/veterans\/va-has-denied-about-78-of-disability-claims-from-burn-pits-1.646181 (2020)."},{"key":"18252_CR20","unstructured":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, V. H. A. Va.gov: Veterans affairs. Public health. Retrieved February 14, 2022, from https:\/\/www.publichealth.va.gov\/exposures\/publications\/military-exposures\/meyh-4\/NASEM.asp (2021)."},{"key":"18252_CR21","unstructured":"War Related Illness & Injury Study Center (WRIISC) Office of Public Health (OPH) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Burn pits (trash and human waste exposures). Retrieved February 14, 2022, from https:\/\/www.warrelatedillness.va.gov\/education\/factsheets\/burn-pits.pdf (n.d.)."},{"key":"18252_CR22","unstructured":"Shane III, L. Benefits for burn pit illnesses, hypertension from agent orange would be granted under new plan. Military Times. Retrieved February 14, 2022, from https:\/\/www.militarytimes.com\/veterans\/2021\/05\/14\/benefits-for-burn-pit-illnesses-hypertension-from-agent-orange-would-be-granted-under-new-plan\/ (2021)."},{"key":"18252_CR23","unstructured":"Standardization of Spirometry 2019 Update. An official american thoracic society and european respiratory society technical statement"},{"key":"18252_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","volume":"26","author":"R Pellegrino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pellegrino, R. et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur. Respir. J. 26, 948\u2013968 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"18252_CR25","first-page":"659","volume":"123","author":"RO Crapo","year":"1981","unstructured":"Crapo, R. O., Morris, A. H. & Gardner, R. M. Reference spirometric values using techniques and equipment that meet ATS recommendations. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123, 659\u2013664 (1981).","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"18252_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900753","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00753-2019","volume":"55","author":"GG King","year":"2019","unstructured":"King, G. G. et al. Technical standards for respiratory oscillometry. Eur. Respir. J. 55(2), 1900753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00753-2019 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"18252_CR27","unstructured":"Vyntus P., Vyntus I. O. S., Vyntus, A. P. S. https:\/\/intl.vyaire.com\/sites\/intl\/files\/2019-07\/VYR-INT1900093_Brochure-Vyntus_PNEUMO-IOS-APS_web_EN.pdf. (n.d.)."},{"key":"18252_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103890U","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2272585","volume":"3","author":"L Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. PyXRF: Python-based X-ray fluorescence analysis package. X-Ray Nanoimaging Instrum. Methods 3, 103890U. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2272585 (2017).","journal-title":"X-Ray Nanoimaging Instrum. Methods"},{"key":"18252_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1107\/S0909049505012719","volume":"12","author":"B Ravel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ravel, B. & Newville, M. ATHENA, ARTEMIS, HEPHAESTUS: Data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT. J. Synchrotron Rad. 12, 537\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/S0909049505012719 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Synchrotron Rad."},{"key":"18252_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183903","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2595045","volume":"V","author":"E Nazaretski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nazaretski, E. et al. Recent advances in nano-scale spatial resolution x-ray microscopy instrumentation at NSLS-II, Proc SPIE 11839. X-ray Nanoimaging Instrum. Methods V, 1183903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2595045 (2021).","journal-title":"X-ray Nanoimaging Instrum. Methods"},{"key":"18252_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4961138","author":"YCK Chen-Wiegart","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen-Wiegart, Y. C. K. et al. Early science commissioning results of the sub-micron resolution X-ray spectroscopy beamline (SRX) in the field of materials science and engineering. AIP Conf. Proc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4961138 (2016).","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"issue":"20","key":"18252_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.61.14095","volume":"61","author":"AC Ferrari","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ferrari, A. C. & Robertson, J. Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon. Phys. Rev. B. 61(20), 14095 (2000).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"18252_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00581.x","volume":"42","author":"H Busemann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Busemann, H., Alexander, C. M. O\u2019D. & Nittler, L. R. Characterization of insoluble organic matter in primitive meteorites by microRaman spectroscopy. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 42(7\u20138), 1387\u20131416 (2007).","journal-title":"Meteorit. Planet. Sci."},{"key":"18252_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2008.05.008","volume":"272","author":"GD Cody","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cody, G. D. et al. Organic thermometry for chondritic parent bodies. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 272, 446\u2013455 (2008).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"18252_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/miled.milmed.167.4.281","volume":"167","author":"MJ Morris","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morris, M. J. et al. Evaluation of exertional dyspnea in the active-duty patient: The diagnostic approach and the utility of clinical testing. Mil. Med. 167(4), 281\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/miled.milmed.167.4.281 (2002).","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"18252_CR36","unstructured":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, V. H. A. Va.gov: Veterans affairs. Protect your health. Retrieved February 14, 2022, from https:\/\/www.publichealth.va.gov\/exposures\/burnpits\/ (2013)."},{"issue":"2","key":"18252_CR37","first-page":"103","volume":"48","author":"H Misirli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Misirli, H. et al. N-hexane induced polyneuropathy: A clinical and electrophysiological follow up. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 48(2), 103\u2013108 (2008).","journal-title":"Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"18252_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12261","volume":"23","author":"R Guimar\u00e3es-Costa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es-Costa, R. et al. N-hexane exposure: A cause of small fiber neuropathy. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 23(2), 143\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jns.12261 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"18252_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201904-344ws","author":"E Garshick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garshick, E. et al. Respiratory health after military service in Southwest Asia and Afghanistan. An official American thoracic society workshop report. Ann. Am. Thoracic. Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/annalsats.201904-344ws (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thoracic. Soc."},{"key":"18252_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106445","volume":"151","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Estimation of ambient PM2.5 in Iraq and Kuwait from 2001 to 2018 using machine learning and remote sensing. Environ. Int. 151, 106445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106445 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26538-8","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-18252-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-18252-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-18252-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T08:07:26Z","timestamp":1671696446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-18252-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["18252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-18252-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-26538-8","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-26538-8","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14671"}}