{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T23:41:10Z","timestamp":1792885270807,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of chronic inflammatory systemic diseases mainly characterized by inflammation in the spine and\/or peripheral joints. Although a link between SpA-pathogenesis, intestinal inflammation and gut dysbiosis has been proposed, studies have been focused on bacteria-host interactions and very little has been reported regarding intestinal parasites. Here, intestinal parasitic infection of 51 SpA-patients were evaluated and compared to healthy control individuals. No significant differences in the frequency of any parasite between SpA-patients and control individuals were found. Significantly higher levels of fecal calprotectin (FCP) were found in the SpA-patients compared to the control individuals. However, FCP levels were the same when comparing SpA-patients and control individuals, both colonized by <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> spp. On the other hand, when comparing <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> spp. colonized and <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> spp. free SpA-patients, FCP levels were significantly higher in those <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> spp. free. Without ignoring the small sample size as a study limitation, the results showed that in the SpA-patients colonized by <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> spp., the FCP levels were significantly lower than those in the <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> spp. free group and comparable to those in the control group. These findings seem to suggest a relationship between <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic> spp. and intestinal inflammation in SpA-patients, but studies intended to explore that interaction specifically should be designed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18308-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T10:04:04Z","timestamp":1663927444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Decreased fecal calprotectin levels in Spondyloarthritis patients colonized by Blastocystis spp."],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Chaparro-Olaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s David","family":"Le\u00f3n Falla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula C.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Bautista-Molano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Ramos-Casallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"de \u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Bello-Gualtero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Cort\u00e9s Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"18308_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.104018","volume":"68","author":"J Sieper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sieper, J. et al. The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) handbook: A guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68, 44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2008.104018 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"18308_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.135889","volume":"70","author":"H Zeidler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeidler, H. & Amor, B. The Assessment in Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general: the spondyloarthritis concept in progress. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 1\u20133 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"18308_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(96)80010-0","volume":"10","author":"H Mielants","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mielants, H., Veys, E. M., Cuvelier, C. & De Vos, M. Course of gut inflammation in spondylarthropathies and therapeutic consequences. Baillieres. Clin. Rheumatol. 10, 147\u2013164 (1996).","journal-title":"Baillieres. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"18308_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2728::AID-ART459>3.0.CO;2-8","volume":"44","author":"S Smale","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smale, S., Natt, R. S., Orchard, T. R., Russell, A. S. & Bjarnason, I. Inflammatory bowel disease and spondylarthropathy. Arthritis. Rheum. 44, 2728\u20132736 (2001).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheum."},{"key":"18308_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8964393","volume":"110","author":"M De Vos","year":"1996","unstructured":"De Vos, M., Mielants, H., Cuvelier, C., Elewaut, A. & Veys, E. Long-term evolution of gut inflammation in patients with spondyloarthropathy. Gastroenterology 110, 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8964393 (1996).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"18308_CR6","first-page":"631","volume":"11","author":"MC Karreman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karreman, M. C., Luime, J. J., Hazes, J. M. W. & Weel, A. E. A. M. The prevalence and incidence of axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Crohns Colitis. 11, 631\u2013642 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"18308_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2019.92802","volume":"44","author":"E Kontny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kontny, E. & Dmowska-Chalaba, J. Spondyloarthritis patients with and without intestinal symptoms-searching for discriminating biomarkers. Cent. Eur. J. Immunol. 44, 414\u2013422 (2019).","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"18308_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i18.2162","volume":"25","author":"GE Fragoulis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fragoulis, G. E. et al. Inflammatory bowel diseases and spondyloarthropathies: From pathogenesis to treatment. World J. Gastroenterol. 25, 2162\u20132176 (2019).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"18308_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/XXVII.suppl_2.95","volume":"27","author":"H Mielants","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mielants, H., Veys, E. M., Cuvelier, C. & De Vos, M. Ileocolonoscopic findings in seronegative spondylarthropathies. Br. J. Rheumatol. 27, 95\u2013105 (1988).","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"18308_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2016.12.016","volume":"84","author":"S Speca","year":"2017","unstructured":"Speca, S. & Dubuquoy, L. Chronic bowel inflammation and inflammatory joint disease: Pathophysiology. Jt. Bone Spine 84, 417\u2013420 (2017).","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"18308_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.12.1395","volume":"41","author":"S Stebbings","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stebbings, S. et al. Comparison of the faecal microflora of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and controls using molecular methods of analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 41, 1395\u20131401 (2002).","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"18308_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38967","volume":"67","author":"ME Costello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costello, M. E. et al. Brief Report: Intestinal dysbiosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis. Rheumatol. 67, 686\u2013691 (2015).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheumatol."},{"key":"18308_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.02.020","volume":"117","author":"L Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. The association of HLA-B27 and Klebsiella pneumoniae in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review. Microb. Pathog. 117, 49\u201354 (2018).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"18308_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2011.07.008","volume":"8","author":"B Tejera","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tejera, B., Grados, D., Martinez-Morillo, M. & Roure, S. Artritis reactiva por Blastocistys hominis [Reactive arthritis caused by Blastocystis hominis]. Reumatol. Clin. 8, 50\u201351 (2012).","journal-title":"Reumatol. Clin."},{"key":"18308_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2020.25","volume":"2","author":"L Alamlih","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alamlih, L., Abufaied, M. & Al-Allaf, A. W. An unusual cause of reactive arthritis with urticarial: A case report. Qatar Med. J. 2, 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2020.25 (2020).","journal-title":"Qatar Med. J."},{"key":"18308_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6592.248","volume":"295","author":"EM Hay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hay, E. M., Winfield, J. & McKendrick, M. W. Reactive arthritis associated with Cryptosporidium enteritis. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 295, 248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.295.6592.248 (1987).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"18308_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.5.743","volume":"64","author":"RC Shepherd","year":"1989","unstructured":"Shepherd, R. C., Smail, P. J. & Sinha, G. P. Reactive arthritis complicating cryptosporidial infection. Arch. Dis. Child. 64, 743\u2013744 (1989).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"18308_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(05)80156-6","volume":"9","author":"PE McGill","year":"1995","unstructured":"McGill, P. E. Rheumatic syndromes associated with parasites. Baillieres Clin. Rheumatol. 9, 201\u2013213 (1995).","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"18308_CR19","first-page":"406","volume":"14","author":"RD Inman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Inman, R. D. Arthritis and enteritis-an interface of protean manifestations. J. Rheumatol. 14, 406\u2013410 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"18308_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s002960050052","volume":"18","author":"M Schirmer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schirmer, M. et al. Entamoeba hartmanni: A new causative agent in the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis?. Rheumatol. Int. 18, 37\u201338 (1998).","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"18308_CR21","unstructured":"Than-Saw et al. Isolation of Entamoeba histolytica from arthritic knee joint. Trop Geogr Med. 44, 355\u2013358 (1992)."},{"key":"18308_CR22","first-page":"719","volume":"11","author":"P Woo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Woo, P. & Panayi, G. S. Reactive arthritis due to infestation with Giardia lamblia. J. Rheumatol. 11, 719 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"18308_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400190116040","volume":"258","author":"RA Shaw","year":"1987","unstructured":"Shaw, R. A. & Stevens, M. B. The reactive arthritis of giardiasis. A case report. JAMA 258, 2734\u20132735 (1987).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"18308_CR24","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay, M. A., Cereijo, M. J., Ag\u00fcero, J. J. & S\u00e1nchez-Andrade, A. Artritis reactiva a Giardia lamblia [Arthritis reactive to Giardia lamblia]. Med. Clin. (Barc.). 26, 359 (1992)."},{"key":"18308_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-94-2-207","volume":"94","author":"TS Bocanegra","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bocanegra, T. S., Espinoza, L. R., Bridgeford, P. H., Vasey, F. B. & Germain, B. F. Reactive arthritis induced by parasitic infestation. Ann. Intern Med. 94, 207\u2013209 (1981).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"18308_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0225-9","volume":"99","author":"J Richter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Richter, J. et al. Arthritis associated with Strongyloides stercoralis infection in HLA B-27-positive African. Parasitol. Res. 99, 706\u2013707 (2006).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"18308_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.30321","volume":"53","author":"M Sert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sert, M., Ozbek, S., Paydas, S. & Yaman, A. Is there any relationship between Toxoplasma infection and reactive arthritis?. J. Postgrad. Med. 53, 14\u201316 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"18308_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.06.012","volume":"124","author":"PT Cantey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cantey, P. T. et al. Study of nonoutbreak giardiasis: novel findings and implications for research. Am. J. Med. 124, 1175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.06.012 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"18308_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816002120","volume":"145","author":"JE Painter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Painter, J. E., Collier, S. A. & Gargano, J. W. Association between Giardia and arthritis or joint pain in a large health insurance cohort: Could it be reactive arthritis?. Epidemiol. Infect. 145, 471\u2013477 (2017).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"18308_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/mp.50.3.113","volume":"50","author":"B Johne","year":"1997","unstructured":"Johne, B. et al. Functional and clinical aspects of the myelomonocyte protein calprotectin. Mol. Pathol. 50, 113\u2013123 (1997).","journal-title":"Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"18308_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2019.04.003","volume":"50","author":"J Simioni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simioni, J. et al. Fecal Calprotectin, gut Inflammation and spondyloarthritis. Arch. Med. Res. 50, 41\u201346 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"18308_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.08.035","volume":"125","author":"I Bjarnason","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bjarnason, I. et al. Subclinical intestinal inflammation and sacroiliac changes in relatives of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Gastroenterology 125, 1598\u20131605 (2003).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"18308_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200606000-00013","volume":"12","author":"M Konikoff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Konikoff, M. & Denson, L. A. Role of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 12, 524\u2013534 (2006).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"18308_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.648953","volume":"47","author":"E Klingberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klingberg, E., Carlsten, H., Hilme, E., Hedberg, M. & Forsblad-d\u2019Elia, H. Calprotectin in ankylosing spondylitis-frequently elevated in feces, but normal in serum. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 47, 435\u2013444 (2012).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"18308_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4106","volume":"14","author":"FG Matzkies","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matzkies, F. G. et al. Markers of intestinal inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A pilot study. Arthritis. Res. Ther. 14, 261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar4106 (2012).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Res. Ther."},{"key":"18308_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1223-2","volume":"19","author":"E Klingberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klingberg, E. et al. A longitudinal study of fecal calprotectin and the development of inflammatory bowel disease in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis. Res. Ther. 19, 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-017-1223-2 (2017).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Res. Ther."},{"key":"18308_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2017.11.013","volume":"15","author":"MJ Moreno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreno, M. J., Moreno, M. J. & Linares, L. F. Relationship between fecal calprotectin, anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies and other markers of disease activity in patients with spondyloarthritis. Reumatol. Clin. (Engl. Ed.). 15, 360\u2013362 (2019).","journal-title":"Reumatol. Clin. (Engl. Ed.)."},{"key":"18308_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106948","volume":"88","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. Calprotectin in spondyloarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 88, 1048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106948 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"18308_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","volume":"18","author":"H Akoglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akoglu, H. User\u2019s guide to correlation coefficients. Turk. J. Emerg. Med. 18, 91\u201393 (2018).","journal-title":"Turk. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"18308_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.175077","volume":"6","author":"CS Poulsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poulsen, C. S. & Stensvold, C. R. Systematic review on Endolimax nana: a less well studied intestinal ameba. Trop. Parasitol. 6, 8\u201329 (2016).","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"18308_CR41","first-page":"514","volume":"10","author":"SL Burnstein","year":"1983","unstructured":"Burnstein, S. L. & Liakos, S. Parasitic rheumatism presenting as rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 10, 514\u2013515 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"18308_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"A Berm\u00fadez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berm\u00fadez, A., Fl\u00f3rez, O., Bola\u00f1os, M. V., Medina, J. J. & Salcedo-Cifuentes, M. Enteroparasitismo, higiene y saneamiento ambiental en menores de seis comunidades ind\u00edgenas. Cali-Colombia [Enteroparasitism, hygiene and environmental sanitation in under-aged from six indigenous communities. Cali-Colombia]. Rev. Salud Publica. 15, 1\u201311 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Salud Publica."},{"key":"18308_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, P. C. et al. Intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors in children of three rural schools in Colombia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 14, e0218681; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218681 (2019).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218681"},{"key":"18308_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-10182010000500009","volume":"27","author":"S Vidal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vidal, S., Toloza, L. & Cancino, B. Evoluci\u00f3n de la prevalencia de enteroparasitosis en la ciudad de Talca, Regi\u00f3n del Maule, Chile. Rev. Chilena Infectol. 27, 336\u2013340 (2010).","journal-title":"Rev. Chilena Infectol."},{"key":"18308_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872016000700009","volume":"144","author":"M Barra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barra, M., Bustos, L. & Ossa, X. Inequality in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren from urban and rural schools. Rev. Med Chile. 144, 886\u2013893 (2016).","journal-title":"Rev. Med Chile."},{"key":"18308_CR46","first-page":"13","volume":"50","author":"A Freites","year":"2009","unstructured":"Freites, A., Colmenares, D., P\u00e9rez, M., Garc\u00eda, M. & D\u00edaz de Su\u00e1rez, O. Infecci\u00f3n por Cryptosporidium sp y otros par\u00e1sitos intestinales en manipuladores de alimentos del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Invest. Clin. 50, 13\u201321 (2009).","journal-title":"Invest. Clin."},{"key":"18308_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005445","volume":"11","author":"CP Faria","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faria, C. P. et al. Geospatial distribution of intestinal parasitic infections in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and its association with social determinants. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005445 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"18308_CR48","first-page":"59","volume":"7","author":"CF Ignacio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ignacio, C. F. et al. Socioenvironmental conditions and intestinal parasitic infections in Brazilian urban slums: A cross-sectional study. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo. 7, 59 (2017).","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo."},{"key":"18308_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.799","volume":"66","author":"OM Amin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Amin, O. M. Seasonal prevalence of intestinal parasites in the United States during 2000. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66, 799\u2013803 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"18308_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2229","volume":"96","author":"C Church","year":"2010","unstructured":"Church, C., Neill, A. & Schotthoefer, A. M. Intestinal infections in humans in the Rocky Mountain region, United States. J. Parasitol. 96, 194\u2013196 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"18308_CR51","first-page":"910","volume":"18","author":"S Belkessa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belkessa, S. et al. Prevalence and Clinical Manifestations of Giardia intestinalis and Other Intestinal Parasites in Children and Adults in Algeria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 18, 910\u2013916 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"18308_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-0003-0","volume":"98","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Graczyk, T. K. et al. The association of Blastocystis hominis and Endolimax nana with diarrheal stools in Zambian school-age children. Parasitol. Res. 98, 38\u201343 (2005).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"18308_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2047-4","volume":"16","author":"B Sarkari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarkari, B., Hosseini, G., Motazedian, M. H., Fararouei, M. & Moshfe, A. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal protozoan infections: A population-based study in rural areas of Boyer-Ahmad district, Southwestern Iran. BMC Infect. Dis. 16, 703 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"18308_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2018-0100","volume":"63","author":"A Dudlov\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dudlov\u00e1, A. et al. Prevalence of non-pathogenic types of gastrointestinal protozoa in population in Slovakia and their potential importance in the aspect of public health. Acta Parasitol. 63, 819\u2013825 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"18308_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01619-6","volume":"21","author":"C L\u00e9geret","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00e9geret, C., R\u00fcttimann, C., Fankhauser, H. & K\u00f6hler, H. Parasitic infections in Swiss children: Are we overtesting?. BMC Gastroenterol. 21, 39 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"18308_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Melo, G. B., Bosqui, L. R., Da Costa, I. N., De Paula, F. M. & Gryschek, R. Current status of research regarding Blastocystis sp., an enigmatic protist, in Brazil. Clinics. 76, e2489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6061\/clinics\/2021\/e2489 (2021).","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2021\/e2489"},{"key":"18308_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ning, C. Q., Hu, Z. H., Chen. J. H., Ai, L. & Tian, L. G. Epidemiology of Blastocystis infection from 1990 to 2019 in China. Infect Dis Poverty. 9, 168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-020-00779-z (2020).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00779-z"},{"key":"18308_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12396","volume":"90","author":"PD Scanlan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scanlan, P. D. The microbial eukaryote Blastocystis is a prevalent and diverse member of the healthy human gut microbiota. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 90, 326\u2013330 (2014).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"18308_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lhotsk\u00e1, Z. et al. A study on the prevalence and subtype diversity of the intestinal protist Blastocystis sp. In a gut-healthy human population in the Czech Republic. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 10, 544335; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.544335 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.544335"},{"key":"18308_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.780094","volume":"48","author":"AM Petersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petersen, A. M. et al. Active ulcerative colitis associated with low prevalence of Blastocystis and Dientamoeba fragilis infection. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 48, 638\u2013639 (2013).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"18308_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andersen, L. O., Bonde, I., Nielsen, H. B. & Stensvold, C. R. A retrospective metagenomics approach to studying Blastocystis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 91, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsec\/fiv072 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiv072"},{"key":"18308_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316106","volume":"68","author":"RY Tito","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tito, R. Y. et al. Population-level analysis of Blastocystis subtype prevalence and variation in the human gut microbiota. Gut 68, 1180\u20131189 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"18308_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nieves-Ram\u00edrez, M. E. et al. Asymptomatic intestinal colonization with protist Blastocystis is strongly associated with distinct microbiome ecological patterns. mSystems. 3, e00007-18; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00007-18 (2018).","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00007-18"},{"key":"18308_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ibrahim, H. S., Salem, A. I., Ahmed, N. M. A. E. R. & El-Taweel, H. A. Pre-and post-treatment evaluation of Intestinal Inflammation in Giardia and Blastocystis infected children: a community-based study. J Parasit Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-308755\/v1 (2021).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-308755\/v1"},{"key":"18308_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Billy, V. et al. Blastocystis colonization alters the gut microbiome and, in some cases, promotes faster recovery from induced colitis. Front Microbiol. 12, 641483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.641483 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.641483"},{"key":"18308_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.07.018","volume":"9","author":"A Coskun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coskun, A. et al. Blastocystis in ulcerative colitis patients: genetic diversity and analysis of laboratory findings. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 9, 916\u2013919 (2016).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"18308_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s11377-013-0822-y","volume":"9","author":"H Javaherizadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Javaherizadeh, H., Khademvatan, S., Soltani, S., Torabizadeh, M. & Yousefi, E. Distribution of haematological indices among subjects with Blastocystis hominis infection compared to controls. Prz Gastroenterol. 9, 38\u201342 (2014).","journal-title":"Prz Gastroenterol."},{"key":"18308_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.020","volume":"128","author":"L Maiden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maiden, L., Thjodleifsson, B., Theodors, A., Gonzalez, J. & Bjarnason, I. A quantitative analysis of NSAID-induced small bowel pathology by capsule enteroscopy. Gastroenterology 128, 1172\u20131178 (2005).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"18308_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90667-2","volume":"104","author":"I Bjarnason","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bjarnason, I., Hayllar, J., MacPherson, A. J. & Russell, A. S. Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans. Gastroenterology 104, 1832\u20131847 (1993).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"18308_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lamot, L. et al. The increased levels of fecal calprotectin in children with active enthesitis related arthritis and MRI signs of sacroiliitis: The results of a single center cross-sectional exploratory study in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients. Front. Med. 8, 650619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.650619 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.650619"},{"key":"18308_CR71","first-page":"2286","volume":"21","author":"S Garrett","year":"1994","unstructured":"Garrett, S. et al. A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol. 21, 2286\u20132291 (1994).","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"18308_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukas, C. et al. Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society. Development of an ASAS-endorsed disease activity score (ASDAS) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 68, 18\u201324 (2009).","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.094870"},{"key":"18308_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Menu, E. et al. Evaluation of two DNA extraction methods for the PCR-based detection of eukaryotic enteric pathogens in fecal samples. BMC Res Notes. 11, 206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-018-3300-2 (2018).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3300-2"},{"key":"18308_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00778-06","volume":"44","author":"Z Hamzah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamzah, Z., Petmitr, S., Mungthin, M., Leelayoova, S. & Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr, P. Differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii by a single-round PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 3196\u20133200 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"18308_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0726","volume":"88","author":"R Mejia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mejia, R. et al. A novel, multi-parallel, real-time polymerase chain reaction approach for eight gastrointestinal parasites provides improved diagnostic capabilities to resource-limited at-risk populations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88, 1041\u20131047 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"18308_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stensvold, C. R., Ahmed, U. N., Andersen, L. O. & Nielsen HV. Development and evaluation of a genus-specific, probe-based, internal-process-controlled real-time PCR assay for sensitive and specific detection of Blastocystis spp. J Clin Microbiol. 50, 1847\u20131851 (2012).","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00007-12"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-18308-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-18308-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-18308-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T10:20:45Z","timestamp":1663928445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-18308-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["18308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-18308-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests."}}],"article-number":"15840"}}