{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T05:04:20Z","timestamp":1785387860905,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["N01 AI40065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01 AI40065"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["N01 HHSN272201000025C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01 HHSN272201000025C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the eradication in 1980, developing safe and effective smallpox vaccines remains an active area of research due to the recent outbreaks and the public health concern that smallpox viruses could be used as bioterrorism weapons. Identifying immunogenic peptides (epitopes) would create a foundation for the development of a robust peptide-based vaccine. We previously identified a library of naturally-processed, human leukocyte antigen class I-presented vaccinia-derived peptides from infected B cells. In the current study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of these T-cell peptides in both transgenic mouse models and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A vaccine based on four selected peptides provided 100% protection against a lethal viral challenge. In addition, responses from memory T cells remained unchanged up to five months. Our results validate a practical approach for identifying and verifying immunogenic peptides for vaccine development and highlight the potential of peptide-based vaccines for various infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19679-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T18:03:37Z","timestamp":1663092217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluating immunogenicity of pathogen-derived T-cell epitopes to design a peptide-based smallpox vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Huy Quang","family":"Quach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inna G.","family":"Ovsyannikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Poland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"19679_CR1","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. The global eradication of smallpox: final report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Geneva, December 1979 (World Health Organization, 1980)."},{"key":"19679_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121780","volume":"9","author":"O Kaynarcalidan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaynarcalidan, O., Moreno Mascaraque, S. & Drexler, I. Vaccinia virus: From crude smallpox vaccines to elaborate viral vector vaccine design. Biomedicines 9, 1780 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"19679_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020138","volume":"12","author":"H Meyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyer, H., Ehmann, R. & Smith, G. L. Smallpox in the post-eradication era. Viruses 12, 138 (2020).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"19679_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6010008","volume":"6","author":"S Melamed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Melamed, S., Israely, T. & Paran, N. Challenges and achievements in prevention and treatment of smallpox. Vaccines 6, 8 (2018).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"19679_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa023184","volume":"348","author":"RJ Blendon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blendon, R. J. et al. The public and the smallpox threat. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 426\u2013432 (2003).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"19679_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy214","volume":"218","author":"RD De Vries","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Vries, R. D. et al. Induction of cross-clade antibody and T-Cell responses by a modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based Influenza A (H5N1) vaccine in a randomized phase 1\/2a clinical trial. J. Infect. Dis. 218, 614\u2013623 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"19679_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"P P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, P. et al. A vaccine based on a modified vaccinia virus ankara vector expressing Zika virus structural proteins controls Zika virus replication in mice. Sci. Rep. 8, 1\u201315 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"19679_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1106319","volume":"15","author":"S Sebastian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sebastian, S. & Gilbert, S. C. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based malaria vaccines. Expert Rev. Vaccines 15, 91\u2013103 (2016).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"19679_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2174\/1568005033481123","volume":"3","author":"G Sutter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sutter, G. & Staib, C. Vaccinia vectors as candidate vaccines: the development of modified vaccinia virus Ankara for antigen delivery. Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord. 3, 263\u2013271 (2003).","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord."},{"key":"19679_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.07.001","volume":"97","author":"A Volz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Volz, A. & Sutter, G. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara: History, value in basic research, and current perspectives for vaccine development. Adv. Virus Res. 97, 187\u2013243 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"19679_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.09.001","volume":"39","author":"T Yoshikawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoshikawa, T. Third-generation smallpox vaccine strain-based recombinant vaccines for viral hemorrhagic fevers. Vaccine 39, 6174\u20136181 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"19679_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.12.001","volume":"20","author":"MG Reynolds","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reynolds, M. G. & Damon, I. K. Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination. Trends Microbiol. 20, 80\u201387 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"19679_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1201-1271","volume":"7","author":"HC Lane","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lane, H. C., La Montagne, J. & Fauci, A. S. Bioterrorism: A clear and present danger. Nat. Med. 7, 1271\u20131273 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"19679_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp020177","volume":"348","author":"TL Schraeder","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schraeder, T. L. & Campion, E. W. Smallpox vaccination\u2014the call to arms. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 381\u2013382 (2003).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"19679_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.1.2.87","volume":"1","author":"EA Belongia","year":"2003","unstructured":"Belongia, E. A. & Naleway, A. L. Smallpox vaccine: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Clin. Med. Res. 1, 87\u201392 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"19679_CR16","first-page":"889","volume":"68","author":"DM Maurer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maurer, D. M., Harrington, B. C. & Lane, M. J. Smallpox vaccine: contraindications, administration, and adverse reactions. Am. Fam. Physician 68, 889\u2013896 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"19679_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.571","volume":"18","author":"AW Artenstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Artenstein, A. W. New generation smallpox vaccines: A review of preclinical and clinical data. Rev. Med. Virol. 18, 217\u2013231 (2008).","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"19679_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.037","volume":"118","author":"J Parrino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parrino, J. & Graham, B. S. Smallpox vaccines: Past, present, and future. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 118, 1320\u20131326 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"19679_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2016.1175305","volume":"15","author":"EA Voigt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Voigt, E. A., Kennedy, R. B. & Poland, G. A. Defending against smallpox: a focus on vaccines. Expert Rev. Vaccines 15, 1197\u20131211 (2016).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"19679_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020209","volume":"13","author":"I-J Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi, I.-J. et al. Live vaccinia virus-coated microneedle array patches for smallpox vaccination and stockpiling. Pharmaceutics 13, 209 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"19679_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.06.060","volume":"39","author":"H Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim, H. et al. Development of an attenuated smallpox vaccine candidate: The KVAC103 strain. Vaccine 39, 5214\u20135223 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"19679_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100389","volume":"82","author":"IG Ovsyannikova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ovsyannikova, I. G., Johnson, K. L., Bergen, H. R. III. & Poland, G. A. Mass spectrometry and peptide-based vaccine development. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther 82, 644\u2013652 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"19679_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1972.21.214","volume":"21","author":"TM Mack","year":"1972","unstructured":"Mack, T. M., Noble, J. Jr. & Thomas, D. B. A prospective study of serum antibody and protection against smallpox. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 21, 214\u2013218 (1972).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"19679_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100118","volume":"86","author":"V Panchanathan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Panchanathan, V., Chaudhri, G. & Karupiah, G. Correlates of protective immunity in poxvirus infection: Where does antibody stand?. Immunol. Cell Biol. 86, 80\u201386 (2008).","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"19679_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.4969","volume":"171","author":"S Crotty","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crotty, S. et al. Cutting edge: long-term B cell memory in humans after smallpox vaccination. J. Immunol. 171, 4969\u20134973 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"19679_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/nm917","volume":"9","author":"E Hammarlund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hammarlund, E. et al. Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat. Med. 9, 1131\u20131137 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"19679_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq162","volume":"203","author":"SN Gordon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gordon, S. N. et al. Smallpox vaccine safety is dependent on T cells and not B cells. J. Infect. Dis. 203, 1043\u20131053 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"19679_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.262668999","volume":"100","author":"I Drexler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Drexler, I. et al. Identification of vaccinia virus epitope-specific HLA-A* 0201-restricted T cells and comparative analysis of smallpox vaccines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 217\u2013222 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"19679_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.06.018","volume":"27","author":"L Moise","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moise, L. et al. In silico-accelerated identification of conserved and immunogenic variola\/vaccinia T-cell epitopes. Vaccine 27, 6471\u20136479 (2009).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"19679_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03401.x","volume":"149","author":"N Ostrout","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ostrout, N. et al. Long-term T cell memory to human leucocyte antigen-A2 supertype epitopes in humans vaccinated against smallpox. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 149, 265\u2013273 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"19679_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67388","volume":"123","author":"P Gilchuk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gilchuk, P. et al. Discovering naturally processed antigenic determinants that confer protective T cell immunity. J. Clin. Investig. 123, 1976\u20131987 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"19679_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.126","volume":"28","author":"KL Johnson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson, K. L., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Mason, C. J., Bergen, H. R. III. & Poland, G. A. Discovery of naturally processed and HLA-presented class I peptides from vaccinia virus infection using mass spectrometry for vaccine development. Vaccine 28, 38\u201347 (2009).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"19679_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20646","volume":"73","author":"ML Precopio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Precopio, M. L. et al. Optimizing peptide matrices for identifying T-cell antigens. Cytometry A 73, 1071\u20131078 (2008).","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"19679_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(00)00305-7","volume":"247","author":"A Schmittel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmittel, A. et al. Application of the IFN-\u03b3 ELISPOT assay to quantify T cell responses against proteins. J. Immunol. Methods 247, 17\u201324 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"19679_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashishi, T. & Gray, C. M. The ELISPOT assay: an easily transferable method for measuring cellular responses and identifying T cell epitopes. (2002).","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2002.159"},{"key":"19679_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.20.6.1425","volume":"20","author":"CD Sigmund","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sigmund, C. D. Viewpoint: Are studies in genetically altered mice out of control?. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20, 1425\u20131429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.atv.20.6.1425 (2000).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"19679_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2020.04.098","volume":"22","author":"J Ando","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ando, J., Ngo, M. C., Ando, M., Leen, A. & Rooney, C. M. Identification of protective T-cell antigens for smallpox vaccines. Cytotherapy 22, 642\u2013652 (2020).","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"19679_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-7580-5-3","volume":"5","author":"MF Kotturi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kotturi, M. F. et al. Of mice and humans: how good are HLA transgenic mice as a model of human immune responses?. Immunome Res. 5, 1\u20137 (2009).","journal-title":"Immunome Res."},{"key":"19679_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7052","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.7052-7060.2004","volume":"78","author":"JT Snyder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Snyder, J. T., Belyakov, I. M., Dzutsev, A., Lemonnier, F. & Berzofsky, J. A. Protection against lethal vaccinia virus challenge in HLA-A2 transgenic mice by immunization with a single CD8+ T-cell peptide epitope of vaccinia and variola viruses. J. Virol. 78, 7052\u20137060 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"19679_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y. et al. Epicutaneous immunization with modified vaccinia Ankara viral vectors generates superior T cell immunity against a respiratory viral challenge. NPJ Vaccines 6, 1\u20139 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00265-5"},{"key":"19679_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080820","volume":"9","author":"RR Rapaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rapaka, R. R., Cross, A. S. & McArthur, M. A. Using adjuvants to drive T cell responses for next-generation infectious disease vaccines. Vaccines 9, 820 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"19679_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91512","volume":"128","author":"JJ Miles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miles, J. J. et al. Peptide mimic for influenza vaccination using nonnatural combinatorial chemistry. J. Clin. Investig. 128, 1569\u20131580 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"19679_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.11.018","volume":"515","author":"J Herrera-Rodriguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herrera-Rodriguez, J. et al. A novel peptide-based vaccine candidate with protective efficacy against influenza A in a mouse model. Virology 515, 21\u201328 (2018).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"19679_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6463","volume":"165","author":"A Geluk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geluk, A. et al. Identification of major epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis AG85B that are recognized by HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T cells in HLA-transgenic mice and humans. J. Immunol. 165, 6463\u20136471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6463 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"19679_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.1.42-51.2004","volume":"78","author":"IG Ovsyannikova","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ovsyannikova, I. G., Johnson, K. L., Muddiman, D. C., Vierkant, R. A. & Poland, G. A. Identification and characterization of novel, naturally processed measles virus class II HLA-DRB1 peptides. J. Virol. 78, 42\u201351 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"19679_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00281-2","volume":"312","author":"IG Ovsyannikova","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ovsyannikova, I. G., Johnson, K. L., Naylor, S., Muddiman, D. C. & Poland, G. A. Naturally processed measles virus peptide eluted from class II HLA-DRB1*03 recognized by T lymphocytes from human blood. Virology 312, 495\u2013506 (2003).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"19679_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252198","volume":"16","author":"SN Crooke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crooke, S. N., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Kennedy, R. B. & Poland, G. A. Identification of naturally processed Zika virus peptides by mass spectrometry and validation of memory T cell recall responses in Zika convalescent subjects. PLoS ONE 16, e0252198 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"19679_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, C. et al. CD8+ T cell epitope variations suggest a potential antigen presentation deficiency for spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.22.427863"},{"key":"19679_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24384","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015486117","volume":"117","author":"JR Habel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habel, J. R. et al. Suboptimal SARS-CoV-2\u2212 specific CD8+ T cell response associated with the prominent HLA-A* 02: 01 phenotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 24384\u201324391 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"19679_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108912","volume":"234","author":"MM Riggenbach","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riggenbach, M. M. et al. Mumps virus-specific immune response outcomes and sex-based differences in a cohort of healthy adolescents. Clin. Immunol. 234, 108912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108912 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"19679_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(03)00081-4","volume":"276","author":"DB Flies","year":"2003","unstructured":"Flies, D. B. & Chen, L. A simple and rapid vortex method for preparing antigen\/adjuvant emulsions for immunization. J. Immunol. Methods 276, 239\u2013242 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-19679-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-19679-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-19679-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T19:05:32Z","timestamp":1663095932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-19679-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-19679-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Dr. Poland offers consultative advice to Johnson & Johnson\/Janssen Global Services LLC, and is the chair of a Safety Evaluation Committee for novel investigational vaccine trials being conducted by Merck Research Laboratories. Dr. Poland also offers consultative advice on vaccine development to Merck & Co., Medicago, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Pasteur, Emergent Biosolutions, Dynavax, Genentech, Eli Lilly and Company, Kentucky Bioprocessing Inc, Bavarian Nordic, AstraZeneca, Exelixis, Regeneron, Janssen, Vyriad, Moderna, and Genevant Sciences, Inc. Drs. Poland and Ovsyannikova hold patents related to vaccinia and measles peptide vaccines. Drs. Kennedy, Poland, and Ovsyannikova hold a patent related to vaccinia peptide vaccines. Drs. Poland, Kennedy, and Ovsyannikova have received grant funding from ICW Ventures for preclinical studies on a peptide-based COVID-19 vaccine. Dr. Kennedy has received funding from Merck Research Laboratories to study waning immunity to mumps vaccine. These activities have been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and are conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies. This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and was conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15401"}}