{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:13:11Z","timestamp":1781536391682,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ongoing and unrestrained application of nitrogen fertilizer to agricultural lands has been directly linked to climate change and reductions in biodiversity. The agricultural sector needs a technological upgrade to adopt sustainable methods for maintaining high yield. We report synthesis of zinc\u00a0and magnesium doped and undoped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, and their urea nanohybrids, to sustainably deliver nitrogen to wheat. The urea nanohybrids loaded with up to 42% nitrogen were used as a new source of nitrogen and compared with a conventional urea-based fertilizer for efficient and sufficient nitrogen delivery to pot-grown wheat. Doping with zinc and magnesium manipulated the hydroxyapatite crystallinity for smaller size and higher nitrogen loading capacity. Interestingly, 50% and 25% doses of urea nanohybrids significantly boosted the wheat growth and yield compared with 100% doses of urea fertilizer. In addition, the nutritional elements uptake and grain protein and phospholipid levels were significantly enhanced in wheat treated with nanohybrids. These results demonstrate the potential of the multi-nutrient complexes, the zinc and magnesium\u00a0doped and undoped hydroxyapatite-urea nanoparticles, as nitrogen delivery agents that reduce nitrogen inputs by at least 50% while maintaining wheat plant growth and nitrogen uptake to the same level as full-dose urea treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20772-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T17:03:23Z","timestamp":1668445403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Zinc- and magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite-urea nanohybrids enhance wheat growth and nitrogen uptake"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis O. B.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4410-566X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udit","family":"Soni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Cahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"20772_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7763\/IJESD.2012.V3.191","volume":"3","author":"S Savci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Savci, S. An agricultural pollutant: Chemical fertilizer. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev. 3, 73 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev."},{"key":"20772_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.310","volume":"6","author":"M Berners-Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berners-Lee, M., Kennelly, C., Watson, R. & Hewitt, C. N. Current global food production is sufficient to meet human nutritional needs in 2050 provided there is radical societal adaptation. Elem. Sci. Anthrop. 6, 66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/elementa.310 (2018).","journal-title":"Elem. Sci. Anthrop."},{"key":"20772_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01048758","volume":"26","author":"B Byrnes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Byrnes, B. Environmental effects of N fertilizer use\u2014An overview. Fertil. Res. 26, 209\u2013215 (1990).","journal-title":"Fertil. Res."},{"key":"20772_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021107026067","volume":"63","author":"ZL Zhu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhu, Z. L. & Chen, D. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-contributions to food production, impacts on the environment and best management strategies. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 63, 117\u2013127 (2002).","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"20772_CR5","first-page":"485","volume":"57","author":"J Meisinger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Meisinger, J. & Delgado, J. Principles for managing nitrogen leaching. J. Soil Water Conserv. 57, 485\u2013498 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"20772_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1998.00021962009000010003x","volume":"90","author":"M Errebhi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Errebhi, M., Rosen, C. J., Gupta, S. C. & Birong, D. E. Potato yield response and nitrate leaching as influenced by nitrogen management. Agron. J. 90, 10\u201315 (1998).","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"20772_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(16)61476-4","volume":"16","author":"C-C Ning","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ning, C.-C. et al. Impacts of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic amendments supplementation on soil nutrient, enzyme activity and heavy metal content. J. Integr. Agric. 16, 1819\u20131831 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"20772_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.04.029","volume":"158","author":"E Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, E. et al. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China. Geoderma 158, 173\u2013180 (2010).","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"20772_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hati, K. & Bandyoopadhay, K. in Encyclopedia of Agrophysics (eds Jan Gli\u0144ski, J\u00f3zef Horabik, & Jerzy Lipiec) 296\u2013299 (Springer, 2011).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3585-1_201"},{"key":"20772_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3733\/ca.v049n04p13","volume":"49","author":"K Daane","year":"1995","unstructured":"Daane, K. et al. Excess nitrogen raises nectarine susceptibility to disease and insects. Calif. Agric. 49, 13\u201318 (1995).","journal-title":"Calif. Agric."},{"key":"20772_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2008.09.015","volume":"148","author":"KM Hati","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hati, K. M. et al. Impact of long-term application of fertilizer, manure and lime under intensive cropping on physical properties and organic carbon content of an Alfisol. Geoderma 148, 173\u2013179 (2008).","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"20772_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061188","volume":"8","author":"L Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, L. et al. Interactive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on soil microbial communities in a tropical forest. PLoS ONE 8, e61188 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"20772_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3521-y","volume":"92","author":"M Miransari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miransari, M. Soil microbes and plant fertilization. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 92, 875\u2013885 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"20772_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/jph.12879","volume":"168","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, Y. & Ding, W. The phenotype and pathogenicity of Ralstonia solanacearum transformed under prolonged stress of excessive exogenous nitrogen. J. Phytopathol. 168, 175\u2013183 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"20772_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-012-9970-y","volume":"51","author":"E Passeport","year":"2013","unstructured":"Passeport, E. et al. Ecological engineering practices for the reduction of excess nitrogen in human-influenced landscapes: A guide for watershed managers. Environ. Manag. 51, 392\u2013413 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"20772_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88681-1.50018-1","volume":"6","author":"ZR Helsel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Helsel, Z. R. Energy and alternatives for fertilizer and pesticide use. Energy Farm Prod. 6, 177\u2013201 (1992).","journal-title":"Energy Farm Prod."},{"key":"20772_CR17","unstructured":"Council, N. R. Alternative Agriculture (National Academies Press, 1989)."},{"key":"20772_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-019-0001-5","volume":"1","author":"DR Kanter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kanter, D. R. et al. Nitrogen pollution policy beyond the farm. Nat. Food 1, 27\u201332 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"20772_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-021-00946-6","volume":"7","author":"P Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, P. et al. Nanotechnology and artificial intelligence to enable sustainable and precision agriculture. Nat. Plants 7, 864\u2013876 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"20772_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00404A","volume":"23","author":"H Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, H. et al. Recent advances in the applications of nano-agrochemicals for sustainable agricultural development. Environ. Sci. Process Impacts 23, 213\u2013239 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process Impacts"},{"key":"20772_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"66","author":"AB Sengul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sengul, A. B. & Asmatulu, E. Toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: A review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 66, 1\u201325 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"20772_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0613-9","volume":"15","author":"SF Hansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansen, S. F. & Lennquist, A. Carbon nanotubes added to the SIN List as a nanomaterial of very high concern. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 3\u20134 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"20772_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10169","DOI":"10.1021\/jf202131z","volume":"59","author":"B Ni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ni, B., Liu, M., Lu, S., Xie, L. & Wang, Y. Environmentally friendly slow-release nitrogen fertilizer. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 10169\u201310175 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"20772_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G. et al. Controlled-Release and Slow-Release Fertilizers as Nutrient Management Tools (US Department of Agriculture, UF\/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS 2014).","DOI":"10.32473\/edis-hs1255-2014"},{"key":"20772_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.222","volume":"199","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhang, S. & Wang, Y. What could promote farmers to replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers?. J. Clean. Prod. 199, 882\u2013890 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"20772_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026472410031","volume":"10","author":"S Dima","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dima, S. & Odero, A. Organic farming for sustainable agricultural production. A brief theoretical review and preliminary empirical evidence. Environ. Resour. Econ. 10, 177\u2013188 (1997).","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"20772_CR27","unstructured":"Macilwain, C. (Nature Publishing Group, 2004)."},{"key":"20772_CR28","first-page":"168","volume":"2","author":"H Narimani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Narimani, H., Rahimi, M. M., Ahmadikhah, A. & Vaezi, B. Study on the effects of foliar spray of micronutrient on yield and yield components of durum wheat. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 2, 168\u2013176 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"20772_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6462","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b02150","volume":"66","author":"CO Dimkpa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dimkpa, C. O. & Bindraban, P. S. Nanofertilizers: New products for the industry?. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66, 6462\u20136473 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"20772_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0131-1","volume":"13","author":"M Kah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kah, M., Kookana, R. S., Gogos, A. & Bucheli, T. D. A critical evaluation of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers against their conventional analogues. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 677\u2013684 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"20772_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-008-0213-1","volume":"17","author":"P Christian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christian, P., Von der Kammer, F., Baalousha, M. & Hofmann, T. Nanoparticles: Structure, properties, preparation and behaviour in environmental media. Ecotoxicology 17, 326\u2013343 (2008).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"20772_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, V., Mishra, R. K., Dikshit, A. & Pandey, A. C. in Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance 159\u2013180 (Elsevier, 2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800876-8.00008-4"},{"key":"20772_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian, K. S., Manikandan, A., Thirunavukkarasu, M. & Rahale, C. S. in Nanotechnologies in Food and Agriculture 69\u201380 (Springer, 2015).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14024-7_3"},{"key":"20772_CR34","unstructured":"Chhowalla, M. (ACS Publications, 2017)."},{"key":"20772_CR35","first-page":"2229","volume":"5","author":"M Naderi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naderi, M. & Danesh-Shahraki, A. Nanofertilizers and their roles in sustainable agriculture. Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci. 5, 2229\u20132232 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.104","volume":"514","author":"R Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, R. & Lal, R. Potentials of engineered nanoparticles as fertilizers for increasing agronomic productions. Sci. Total Environ. 514, 131\u2013139 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"20772_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1021\/acsagscitech.1c00273","volume":"2","author":"B Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma, B., Soni, U., Afonso, L. O. B. & Cahill, D. M. Nanomaterial doping: Chemistry and strategies for agricultural applications. ACS Agric. Sci. Technol. 2, 240\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsagscitech.1c00273 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"20772_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c01192","author":"B Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma, B., Shrivastava, M., Afonso, L. O. B., Soni, U. & Cahill, D. M. Zinc- and magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles modified with urea as smart nitrogen fertilizers. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsanm.2c01192 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"20772_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1021\/la902157z","volume":"26","author":"DW Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim, D. W. et al. Simple large-scale synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: in situ observation of crystallization process. Langmuir 26, 384\u2013388 (2010).","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"20772_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2006.05.018","volume":"27","author":"SJ Kalita","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kalita, S. J., Bhardwaj, A. & Bhatt, H. A. Nanocrystalline calcium phosphate ceramics in biomedical engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 27, 441\u2013449 (2007).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"20772_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.12.235","volume":"44","author":"H Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, H. et al. Optimized Zn-doped hydroxyapatite\/doxorubicin bioceramics system for efficient drug delivery and tissue engineering application. Ceram. Int. 44, 6062\u20136071 (2018).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"20772_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb21315c","volume":"1","author":"X Yuan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yuan, X., Zhu, B., Tong, G., Su, Y. & Zhu, X. Wet-chemical synthesis of Mg-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by step reaction and ion exchange processes. J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 6551\u20136559 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"20772_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9304","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9016057","volume":"131","author":"LB Sagle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sagle, L. B. et al. Investigating the hydrogen-bonding model of urea denaturation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 9304\u20139310 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"20772_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S24790","volume":"6","author":"G Poinern","year":"2011","unstructured":"Poinern, G. et al. Thermal and ultrasonic influence in the formation of nanometer scale hydroxyapatite bio-ceramic. Int. J. Nanomed. 6, 2083 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"20772_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-3125-3","volume":"54","author":"S-N Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao, S.-N. et al. Design and efficient fabrication of micro-sized clusters of hydroxyapatite nanorods for dental resin composites. J. Mater. Sci. 54, 3878\u20133892 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6065739","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6065739","volume":"2020","author":"CMG Nobre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nobre, C. M. G., P\u00fctz, N. & Hannig, M. Adhesion of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to dental materials under oral conditions. Scanning 2020, 6065739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/6065739 (2020).","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"20772_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01570a007","volume":"79","author":"GC Pimentel","year":"1957","unstructured":"Pimentel, G. C. Hydrogen bonding and electronic transitions: The role of the Franck\u2013Condon principle. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 3323\u20133326 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"20772_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3390\/bios4020172","volume":"4","author":"JL Hammond","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hammond, J. L., Bhalla, N., Rafiee, S. D. & Estrela, P. Localized surface plasmon resonance as a biosensing platform for developing countries. Biosensors 4, 172\u2013188 (2014).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"20772_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haiss, W. thanh nt K., Aveyard J., Fernig DG. Anal. Chem. 79, 4215\u20134221 (2007).","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0702084"},{"key":"20772_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1039\/B713331F","volume":"4","author":"CR Kothapalli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kothapalli, C. R., Wei, M. & Shaw, M. T. Solvent-specific gel-like transition via complexation of polyelectrolyte and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles suspended in water\u2013glycerin mixtures: A rheological study. Soft Matter 4, 600\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/B713331F (2008).","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"20772_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00426","volume":"10","author":"D-Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, D.-Y., Liu, Y.-M., Zhang, W., Chen, X.-P. & Zou, C.-Q. Zinc uptake, translocation, and remobilization in winter wheat as affected by soil application of Zn fertilizer. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2019.00426 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2010.0343","volume":"103","author":"Y-C Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, Y.-C. et al. Controlled release urea improved nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and quality of wheat. Agron. J. 103, 479\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/agronj2010.0343 (2011).","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"20772_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.20131","volume":"112","author":"J Clunes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clunes, J. & Pinochet, D. Effect of slow-release nitrogen on the nitrogen availability in an andisol and the critical nitrogen concentration in wheat. Agron. J. 112, 1250\u20131262 (2020).","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"20772_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2022.100424","volume":"39","author":"B Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma, B., Shrivastava, M., Afonso, L. O., Soni, U. & Cahill, D. M.  Metal doped nitrogenous hydroxyapatite nanohybrids slowly release nitrogen to crops and mitigate ammonia volatilization: An impact assessment. NanoImpact 28, 100424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.impact.2022.100424 (2022).","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"20772_CR55","first-page":"43","volume":"65","author":"E Rumpel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rumpel, E. et al. The biodegradation of hydroxyapatite bone graft substitutes in vivo. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 65, 43\u201348 (2006).","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"20772_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/app7010060","volume":"7","author":"P Turon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turon, P., Del Valle, L. J., Alem\u00e1n, C. & Puiggal\u00ed, J. Biodegradable and biocompatible systems based on hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Appl. Sci. 7, 60 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2005.11.006","volume":"97","author":"J Pan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pan, J. et al. Modeling plant nitrogen uptake and grain nitrogen accumulation in wheat. Field Crop Res 97, 322\u2013336 (2006).","journal-title":"Field Crop Res"},{"key":"20772_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2002.1549","volume":"66","author":"F Walley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walley, F., Yates, T., van Groenigen, J.-W. & van Kessel, C. Relationships between soil nitrogen availability indices, yield, and nitrogen accumulation of wheat. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66, 1549\u20131561 (2002).","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"20772_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2003.11.014","volume":"87","author":"S Demotes-Mainard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Demotes-Mainard, S. & Jeuffroy, M.-H. Effects of nitrogen and radiation on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the spike of winter wheat. Field Crop Res. 87, 221\u2013233 (2004).","journal-title":"Field Crop Res."},{"key":"20772_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-037X.1994.tb00563.x","volume":"173","author":"DK Papakosta","year":"1994","unstructured":"Papakosta, D. K. Phosphorus accumulation and translocation in wheat as affected by cultivar and nitrogen fertilization. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 173, 260\u2013270 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2014.09.0373","volume":"79","author":"D Montalvo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montalvo, D., McLaughlin, M. J. & Degryse, F. Efficacy of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as phosphorus fertilizer in andisols and oxisols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 79, 551\u2013558 (2015).","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"20772_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600038181","volume":"93","author":"P Gregory","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gregory, P., Crawford, D. & McGowan, M. Nutrient relations of winter wheat: 1. Accumulation and distribution of Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S and N. J. Agric. Sci. 93, 485\u2013494 (1979).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6566","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1010588","volume":"57","author":"D Gogoi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gogoi, D., Shanmugamani, A., Rao, S., Kumar, T. & Velmurugan, S. Study of removal process of manganese using synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite from an aqueous solution. Desalin. Water Treat. 57, 6566\u20136573 (2016).","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"20772_CR64","first-page":"66","volume":"2","author":"TAS Elnsar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elnsar, T. A. S., Soliman, M. H. & Ayash, M. A. E. A. A. Modified hydroxyapatite adsorbent for removal of iron dissolved in water wells in Sohag, Egypt. Chem. Adv. Mater. 2, 66 (2017).","journal-title":"Chem. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"20772_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1021\/es00057a015","volume":"28","author":"Y Xu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Schwartz, F. W. & Traina, S. J. Sorption of Zn2+ and Cd2+ on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1472\u20131480 (1994).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"20772_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-5210(85)80007-2","volume":"3","author":"G Branlard","year":"1985","unstructured":"Branlard, G. & Dardevet, M. Diversity of grain protein and bread wheat quality: II. Correlation between high molecular weight subunits of glutenin and flour quality characteristics. J. Cereal Sci. 3, 345\u2013354 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.17221\/1911-CJGPB","volume":"43","author":"D Mikulikova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mikulikova, D. The effect of friabilin on wheat grain hardness. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 43, 35 (2007).","journal-title":"Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed."},{"key":"20772_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(75)85241-1","volume":"14","author":"AJ Colborne","year":"1975","unstructured":"Colborne, A. J. & Laidman, D. L. The extraction and analysis of wheat phospholipids. Phytochemistry 14, 2639\u20132645 (1975).","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"20772_CR69","first-page":"286","volume":"5","author":"H Maralian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maralian, H., Ebadi, A. & Haji-Eghrari, B. Influence of water deficit stress on wheat grain yield and proline accumulation rate. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 5, 286\u2013289 (2010).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"20772_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-012-0147-5","volume":"83","author":"S Saeedipour","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saeedipour, S. Relationship of grain yield, ABA and proline accumulation in tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars as affected by water stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B Biol. Sci. 83, 311\u2013315 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.36.6.1061","volume":"36","author":"B Bondada","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bondada, B., Syvertsen, J. & Albrigo, L. Urea nitrogen uptake by citrus leaves. HortScience 36, 1061\u20131065 (2001).","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"20772_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-010-0898-5","volume":"29","author":"Y Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu, Y. & Sun, G. Leaf nitrogen dioxide uptake coupling apoplastic chemistry, carbon\/sulfur assimilation, and plant nitrogen status. Plant Cell Rep. 29, 1069\u20131077 (2010).","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"20772_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freney, J. R., Simpson, J. R. & Denmead, O. in Gaseous Loss of Nitrogen from Plant-Soil Systems 1\u201332 (Springer, 1983).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1662-8_1"},{"key":"20772_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1960.03615995002400020007x","volume":"24","author":"J Ernst","year":"1960","unstructured":"Ernst, J. & Massey, H. The effects of several factors on volatilization of ammonia formed from urea in the soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 24, 87\u201390 (1960).","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"20772_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00335858","volume":"9","author":"J Freney","year":"1990","unstructured":"Freney, J., Trevitt, A., De Datta, S., Obcemea, W. & Real, J. The interdependence of ammonia volatilization and denitrification as nitrogen loss processes in flooded rice fields in the Philippines. Biol. Fertil. Soils 9, 31\u201336 (1990).","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"20772_CR76","first-page":"389","volume":"66","author":"J Meisinger","year":"1984","unstructured":"Meisinger, J. Evaluating plant-available nitrogen in soil-crop systems. Nitrog. Crop Prod. 66, 389\u2013416 (1984).","journal-title":"Nitrog. Crop Prod."},{"key":"20772_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2008.0277","volume":"38","author":"C Van Kessel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van Kessel, C., Clough, T. & van Groenigen, J. W. Dissolved organic nitrogen: an overlooked pathway of nitrogen loss from agricultural systems?. J. Environ. Qual. 38, 393\u2013401 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"20772_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2018.12.002","volume":"27","author":"X He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He, X., Deng, H. & Hwang, H.-M. The current application of nanotechnology in food and agriculture. J. Food Drug Anal. 27, 1\u201321 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"20772_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusefi-Tanha, E., Fallah, S., Rostamnejadi, A. & Pokhrel, L. R. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) as a novel nanofertilizer: Influence on seed yield and antioxidant defense system in soil grown soybean (Glycine max cv. Kowsar). Science of The Total Environment 738, 140240 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140240"},{"key":"20772_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2013.863911","volume":"45","author":"M Delfani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Delfani, M., Baradarn Firouzabadi, M., Farrokhi, N. & Makarian, H. Some physiological responses of black-eyed pea to iron and magnesium nanofertilizers. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 45, 530\u2013540 (2014).","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"20772_CR81","first-page":"73","volume":"66","author":"N Kottegoda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kottegoda, N., Munaweera, I., Madusanka, N. & Karunaratne, V. A green slow-release fertilizer composition based on urea-modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles encapsulated wood. Curr. Sci. 66, 73\u201378 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4236\/anp.2017.62006","volume":"6","author":"AA Rajonee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rajonee, A. A., Zaman, S. & Huq, S. M. I. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of efficacy of phosphorus and potassium incorporated nano fertilizer. Adv. Nanopart. 6, 62 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Nanopart."},{"key":"20772_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1221-3","volume":"8","author":"NS Khalifa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalifa, N. S. & Hasaneen, M. N. The effect of chitosan\u2013PMAA\u2013NPK nanofertilizer on Pisum sativum plants. 3 Biotech 8, 193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13205-018-1221-3 (2018).","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"20772_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EN01127G","volume":"7","author":"S Shakiba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shakiba, S. et al. Emerging investigator series: Polymeric nanocarriers for agricultural applications: Synthesis, characterization, and environmental and biological interactions. Environ. Sci. Nano 7, 37\u201367 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"20772_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07781","volume":"11","author":"N Kottegoda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kottegoda, N. et al. Urea-hydroxyapatite nanohybrids for slow release of nitrogen. ACS Nano 11, 1214\u20131221 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"20772_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101574","volume":"38","author":"S Pai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pai, S., Kini, S. M., Selvaraj, R. & Pugazhendhi, A. A review on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite, its composites and adsorptive removal of pollutants from wastewater. J. Water Process Eng. 38, 101574 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"20772_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122291","volume":"392","author":"X Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang, X. et al. The facile synthesis of zoledronate functionalized hydroxyapatite amorphous hybrid nanobiomaterial and its excellent removal performance on Pb2+ and Cu2+. J. Hazard. Mater. 392, 122291 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"20772_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1021\/sc500204z","volume":"2","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liang, X., Yang, X., Liu, H. & Yao, J. An eco-friendly slow-release urea fertilizer based on waste mulberry branches for potential agriculture and horticulture applications. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2, 1871\u20131878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/sc500204z (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"20772_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1962.00021962005400050028x","volume":"54","author":"GJ Bouyoucos","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bouyoucos, G. J. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils 1. Agron. J. 54, 464\u2013465 (1962).","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"20772_CR90","first-page":"259","volume":"25","author":"B Subbaiah","year":"1956","unstructured":"Subbaiah, B. A rapid procedure for estimation of available nitrogen in soil. Curr. Sci. 25, 259\u2013260 (1956).","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR91","unstructured":"Olsen, S. R. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate (US Department of Agriculture, 1954)."},{"key":"20772_CR92","first-page":"1","volume":"57","author":"J Hanway","year":"1952","unstructured":"Hanway, J. & Heidel, H. Soil analysis methods as used in Iowa state college soil testing laboratory. Iowa Agric. 57, 1\u201331 (1952).","journal-title":"Iowa Agric."},{"key":"20772_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-193401000-00003","volume":"37","author":"A Walkley","year":"1934","unstructured":"Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37, 29\u201338 (1934).","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/01904160802592706","volume":"32","author":"AK Srivastava","year":"2009","unstructured":"Srivastava, A. K. & Singh, S. Citrus decline: Soil fertility and plant nutrition. J. Plant Nutr. 32, 197\u2013245 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"20772_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x","volume":"42","author":"WL Lindsay","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lindsay, W. L. & Norvell, W. A. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42, 421\u2013428 (1978).","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"20772_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/63.4.770","volume":"63","author":"DW Nelson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nelson, D. W. & Sommers, L. E. Total nitrogen analysis of soil and plant tissues. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 63, 770\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jaoac\/63.4.770 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"20772_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600021572","volume":"55","author":"J Bremner","year":"1960","unstructured":"Bremner, J. Determination of nitrogen in soil by the Kjeldahl method. J. Agric. Sci. 55, 11\u201333 (1960).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"20772_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740010604","volume":"1","author":"W Hanson","year":"1950","unstructured":"Hanson, W. The photometric determination of phosphorus in fertilizers using the phosphovanado-molybdate complex. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1, 172\u2013173 (1950).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"20772_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)56206-2","volume":"187","author":"J Severenghaus","year":"1950","unstructured":"Severenghaus, J. & Ferrebee, J. Calcium determination by flame photometry; methods for serum, urine, and other fluids. J. Biol. Chem. 187, 621\u2013630 (1950).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"20772_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1039\/an9517600340","volume":"76","author":"L Brealey","year":"1951","unstructured":"Brealey, L. The determination of potassium in fertilisers by flame photometry. Analyst 76, 340\u2013343 (1951).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"20772_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1039\/an9578200634","volume":"82","author":"V Padhye","year":"1957","unstructured":"Padhye, V. A rapid method for the determination of calcium and magnesium in plant material by titration with disodium ethylenediaminetetra-acetate. Analyst 82, 634\u2013638 (1957).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"20772_CR102","first-page":"720","volume":"47","author":"EG Zook","year":"1970","unstructured":"Zook, E. G., Greene, F. E. & Morris, E. Nutrient composition of selected wheats and wheat products. 6. Distribution of manganese, copper, nickel, zinc, magnesium, lead, tin, cadmium, chromium, and selenium as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and colorimetry. Cereal Chem. 47, 720\u2013731 (1970).","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"20772_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/17.5.369","volume":"17","author":"S Meret","year":"1971","unstructured":"Meret, S. & Henkin, R. Simultaneous direct estimation by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of copper and zinc in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin. Chem. 17, 369\u2013373 (1971).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"20772_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(85)90190-3","volume":"151","author":"SJ Compton","year":"1985","unstructured":"Compton, S. J. & Jones, C. G. Mechanism of dye response and interference in the Bradford protein assay. Anal. Biochem. 151, 369\u2013374 (1985).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"20772_CR105","first-page":"155","volume":"35","author":"D Zilversmit","year":"1950","unstructured":"Zilversmit, D. & Davis, A. K. Microdetermination of plasma phospholipids by trichloroacetic acid precipitation. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 35, 155\u2013160 (1950).","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"20772_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018060","volume":"39","author":"LS Bates","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P. & Teare, I. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39, 205\u2013207 (1973).","journal-title":"Plant Soil"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-20772-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-20772-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-20772-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T01:22:33Z","timestamp":1668648153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-20772-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-20772-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19506"}}