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We also explored whether the children exhibited such stereotypes in response to various stimuli. We showed children photos (Study 1) and stick figures (Study 2) of men, women, boys, and girls, asking them to attribute traits (smart or nice) to each. Study 1 revealed overwhelming in-group positivity in girls, whereas the results for boys were rather mixed. In Study 2, girls generally attributed nice to their own gender compared to boys. However, \u201cbrilliance\u2009=\u2009males\u201d stereotypical responses were observed from 7\u00a0years of age, when boys began to be more likely to attribute smartness to their own gender compared to girls. The new data in Study 3 replicated results of Study 1 and parts of the results of Study 2. Moreover, merging the Study 3 data with that of Studies 1 and 2 confirmed their findings. Furthermore, it replicated the \u201cbrilliance\u2009=\u2009males\u201d stereotype among 7-year-olds in the stick figure task. Parental attitudes toward gender roles were unrelated to children\u2019s gender stereotypes. The results indicated that Japanese children may acquire \u201cbrilliance\u2009=\u2009males\u201d stereotypes later than American children (6-years-old). Furthermore, the results were clearer when children were presented with stick figure stimuli.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20815-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T10:03:58Z","timestamp":1665482638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability in Japanese children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mako","family":"Okanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianwei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Kanakogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moe","family":"Uragami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Moriguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"20815_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2004956","DOI":"10.1371\/Journal.Pbio.2004956","volume":"16","author":"L Holman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holman, L., Stuart-Fox, D. & Hauser, C. 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