{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T13:34:04Z","timestamp":1794317644074,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AR0702571, K01 AR06972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006260","name":"Rheumatology Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Bacon Investigator Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bacon Investigator Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006260","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG18820,  AG18832,  AG18947,   AG19069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gait alterations in those with mild unilateral knee pain during walking may provide clues to modifiable alterations that affect progression of knee pain and osteoarthritis (OA). To examine this, we applied machine learning (ML) approaches to gait data from wearable sensors in a large observational knee OA cohort, the Multicenter Osteoarthritis (MOST) study. Participants completed a 20-m walk test wearing sensors on their trunk and ankles. Parameters describing spatiotemporal features of gait and symmetry, variability and complexity were extracted. We used an ensemble ML technique (\u201csuper learning\u201d) to identify gait variables in our cross-sectional data associated with the presence\/absence of unilateral knee pain. We then used logistic regression to determine the association of selected gait variables with odds of mild knee pain. Of 2066 participants (mean age 63.6 [SD: 10.4] years, 56% female), 21.3% had mild unilateral pain while walking. Gait parameters selected in the ML process as influential included step regularity, sample entropy, gait speed, and amplitude dominant frequency, among others. In adjusted cross-sectional analyses, lower levels of step regularity (i.e., greater gait variability) and lower sample entropy(i.e., lower gait complexity) were associated with increased likelihood of unilateral mild pain while walking [aOR 0.80 (0.64\u20131.00) and aOR 0.79 (0.66\u20130.95), respectively].<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21142-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T10:06:08Z","timestamp":1671789968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Relation of gait measures with mild unilateral knee pain during walking using machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Bacon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Felson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Reza","family":"Jafarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijaya B.","family":"Kolachalama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Hausdorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eran","family":"Gazit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil A.","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Nevitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Felson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil A.","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Nevitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"21142_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22015","volume":"65","author":"K Mills","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mills, K., Hunt, M. A. & Ferber, R. Biomechanical deviations during level walking associated with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res. 65, 1643\u20131665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.22015 (2013).","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"21142_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.02.027","volume":"87","author":"H Iijima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iijima, H., Shimoura, K., Ono, T., Aoyama, T. & Takahashi, M. Proximal gait adaptations in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Biomech. 87, 127\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.02.027 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"21142_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40224","volume":"69","author":"L Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma, L. et al. Varus thrust and incident and progressive knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 69, 2136\u20132143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.40224 (2017).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"21142_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23766","volume":"71","author":"AE Wink","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wink, A. E. et al. Association of Varus Knee Thrust during walking with worsening WOMAC knee pain: The multicenter osteoarthritis study. Arthritis Care Res. 71, 1353 (2019).","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"21142_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.147082","volume":"70","author":"KL Bennell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bennell, K. L. et al. Higher dynamic medial knee load predicts greater cartilage loss over 12 months in medial knee osteoarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 1770\u20131774 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"21142_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.02.005","volume":"23","author":"AH Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, A. H. et al. External knee adduction and flexion moments during gait and medial tibiofemoral disease progression in knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartil. 23, 1099\u20131106 (2015).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil."},{"key":"21142_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.08.009","volume":"22","author":"EF Chehab","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chehab, E. F., Favre, J., Erhart-Hledik, J. C. & Andriacchi, T. P. Baseline knee adduction and flexion moments during walking are both associated with 5 year cartilage changes in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartil. 22, 1833\u20131839 (2014).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil."},{"key":"21142_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22564","volume":"67","author":"GL Hatfield","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hatfield, G. L., Stanish, W. D. & Hubley-Kozey, C. L. Three-dimensional biomechanical gait characteristics at baseline are associated with progression to total knee arthroplasty. Arthritis Care Res. 67, 1004\u20131014 (2015).","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"21142_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.7.617","volume":"61","author":"T Miyazaki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Miyazaki, T. et al. Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61, 617\u2013622 (2002).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"21142_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100022","volume":"1","author":"J Bowd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bowd, J., Biggs, P., Holt, C. & Whatling, G. Does gait retraining have the potential to reduce medial compartmental loading in individuals with knee osteoarthritis while not adversely affecting the other lower limb joints? A systematic review. Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl. 1, 100022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100022 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl."},{"key":"21142_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.006","volume":"98","author":"R Richards","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richards, R., van den Noort, J. C., Dekker, J. & Harlaar, J. Gait retraining with real-time biofeedback to reduce knee adduction moment: systematic review of effects and methods used. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 98, 137\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.006 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"21142_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.07.014","volume":"27","author":"SB Kwon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwon, S. B. et al. Identifying key gait features associated with the radiological grade of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartil. 27, 1755\u20131760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2019.07.014 (2019).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil."},{"key":"21142_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.08.003","volume":"74","author":"JE Naili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naili, J. E., Brostr\u00f6m, E. W., Clausen, B. & Holsgaard-Larsen, A. Measures of knee and gait function and radiographic severity of knee osteoarthritis\u2014A cross-sectional study. Gait Posture 74, 20\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.08.003 (2019).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"21142_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23704","volume":"71","author":"TB Birmingham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Birmingham, T. B. et al. Association between knee load and pain: Within-patient, between-knees, case-control study in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 71, 647\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.23704 (2019).","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"21142_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0477-1","volume":"16","author":"TW O\u2019Neill","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, T. W. & Felson, D. T. Mechanisms of osteoarthritis (OA) pain. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 16, 611\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11914-018-0477-1 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"21142_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"I McCarthy","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCarthy, I., Hodgins, D., Mor, A., Elbaz, A. & Segal, G. Analysis of knee flexion characteristics and how they alter with the onset of knee osteoarthritis: A case control study.  BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 14(1), 1\u20137 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"21142_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.01.017","volume":"49","author":"S Tadano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tadano, S., Takeda, R., Sasaki, K., Fujisawa, T. & Tohyama, H. Gait characterization for osteoarthritis patients using wearable gait sensors (H-Gait systems). J. Biomech. 49, 684\u2013690 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"21142_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8164-6","volume":"263","author":"H Bernad-Elazari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernad-Elazari, H. et al. Objective characterization of daily living transitions in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease using a single body-fixed sensor. J. Neurol. 263, 1544\u20131551 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"21142_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24783-4","volume":"8","author":"C Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao, C. et al. Model-based and model-free machine learning techniques for diagnostic prediction and classification of clinical outcomes in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci. Rep. 8, 7129 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"21142_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2636456","volume":"21","author":"J Hannink","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hannink, J. et al. Sensor-based gait parameter extraction with deep convolutional neural networks. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 21, 85\u201393 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"21142_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.04.002","volume":"29","author":"R Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, R., Tomkins-Lane, C., Muaremi, A., Kuwabara, A. & Smuck, M. Physical activity thresholds for predicting longitudinal gait decline in adults with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartil. 29, 965\u2013972 (2021).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil."},{"key":"21142_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.02.004","volume":"43","author":"M Kotti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kotti, M., Duffell, L. D., Faisal, A. A. & McGregor, A. H. Detecting knee osteoarthritis and its discriminating parameters using random forests. Med. Eng. Phys. 43, 19\u201329 (2017).","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"21142_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20314","volume":"62","author":"J Cibere","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cibere, J. et al. Association of clinical findings with pre\u2013radiographic and radiographic knee osteoarthritis in a population-based study. Arthritis Care Res. 62, 1691\u20131698 (2010).","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"21142_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.01.014","volume":"23","author":"MR Maly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maly, M. R., Costigan, P. A. & Olney, S. J. Mechanical factors relate to pain in knee osteoarthritis. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon) 23, 796\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.01.014 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"21142_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.10.003","volume":"31","author":"M O'Connell","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell, M., Farrokhi, S. & Fitzgerald, G. K. The role of knee joint moments and knee impairments on self-reported knee pain during gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon) 31, 40\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.10.003 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"21142_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22991","volume":"57","author":"LE Thorp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thorp, L. E., Sumner, D. R., Wimmer, M. A. & Block, J. A. Relationship between pain and medial knee joint loading in mild radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 57, 1254\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.22991 (2007).","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"21142_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.08.014","volume":"25","author":"M Hall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hall, M. et al. The knee adduction moment and knee osteoarthritis symptoms: relationships according to radiographic disease severity. Osteoarthritis Cartil. 25, 34\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2016.08.014 (2017).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil."},{"key":"21142_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00233-1","volume":"37","author":"R Moe-Nilssen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moe-Nilssen, R. & Helbostad, J. L. Estimation of gait cycle characteristics by trunk accelerometry. J. Biomech. 37, 121\u2013126 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"21142_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026113","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3147408","volume":"19","author":"JM Hausdorff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hausdorff, J. M. Gait dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Common and distinct behavior among stride length, gait variability, and fractal-like scaling. Chaos 19, 026113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.3147408 (2009).","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"21142_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.24893","volume":"82","author":"JM Hausdorff","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hausdorff, J. M., Rios, D. A. & Edelberg, H. K. Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: a 1-year prospective study. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82, 1050\u20131056 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"21142_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00625","volume":"10","author":"JM Barden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barden, J. M., Clermont, C. A., Kobsar, D. & Beauchet, O. Accelerometer-based step regularity is lower in older adults with bilateral knee osteoarthritis. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 10, 625 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"21142_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2011.07.011","volume":"21","author":"RM Kiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kiss, R. M. Effect of severity of knee osteoarthritis on the variability of gait parameters. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 21, 695\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2011.07.011 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"21142_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20160211","volume":"96","author":"KA Butera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Butera, K. A., Fox, E. J. & George, S. Z. Toward a transformed understanding: from pain and movement to pain with movement. Phys. Ther. 96, 1503\u20131507 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"21142_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.020","volume":"152","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hodges, P. W. & Tucker, K. Moving differently in pain: a new theory to explain the adaptation to pain. Pain 152, S90\u2013S98 (2011).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"21142_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15930","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3135-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"I Perini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perini, I. & Bergstrand, S. Where pain meets action in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 33, 15930\u201315939 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"21142_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14020281","volume":"14","author":"KG Meder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meder, K. G., LoJacono, C. T. & Rhea, C. K. A systematic review of non-pharmacological interventions to improve gait asymmetries in neurological populations. Symmetry 14, 281 (2022).","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"21142_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.02.022","volume":"46","author":"NM Kosse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kosse, N. M., Vuillerme, N., Hortob\u00e1gyi, T. & Lamoth, C. J. C. Multiple gait parameters derived from iPod accelerometry predict age-related gait changes. Gait Post. 46, 112\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.02.022 (2016).","journal-title":"Gait Post."},{"key":"21142_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"J Hausdroff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hausdroff, J. Gait variability: methods, modeling and meaning. J. NeuroEng. Rehabil. 20, 1\u20139 (2005).","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"21142_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.02.666","volume":"28","author":"NA Segal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Segal, N. A. et al. Relationship of gait complexity to subsequent knee buckling and falls: the most study. Osteoarthritis Cartil. 28, S429\u2013S430 (2020).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil."},{"key":"21142_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002303","volume":"163","author":"AF Homs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Homs, A. F., Dupeyron, A. & Torre, K. Relationship between gait complexity and pain attention in chronic low back pain. Pain 163, e31\u2013e39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002303 (2022).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"21142_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.03.082","volume":"520","author":"F Zeidan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zeidan, F., Grant, J. A., Brown, C. A., McHaffie, J. G. & Coghill, R. C. Mindfulness meditation-related pain relief: Evidence for unique brain mechanisms in the regulation of pain. Neurosci. Lett. 520, 165\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.03.082 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"21142_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab105","volume":"50","author":"JE N\u00f8rgaard","year":"2021","unstructured":"N\u00f8rgaard, J. E. et al. Effects of gait adaptability training on falls and fall-related fractures in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 50, 1914\u20131924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afab105 (2021).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"21142_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.02.087","volume":"30","author":"D Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, D. et al. Mindful walking in knee osteoarthritis: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Osteoarthritis Cartil. 30, S72\u2013S73 (2022).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil."},{"key":"21142_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20033","volume":"62","author":"M Henriksen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henriksen, M., Graven-Nielsen, T., Aaboe, J., Andriacchi, T. P. & Bliddal, H. Gait changes in patients with knee osteoarthritis are replicated by experimental knee pain. Arthritis Care Res. 62, 501\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.20033 (2010).","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"21142_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny286","volume":"20","author":"M Henriksen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henriksen, M. et al. Opioid-induced reductions in gait variability in healthy volunteers and individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Pain Med. 20, 2106\u20132114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pny286 (2019).","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"21142_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M221","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.4.M221","volume":"55","author":"JM Guralnik","year":"2000","unstructured":"Guralnik, J. M. et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 55, M221\u2013M231 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"21142_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv126","volume":"71","author":"S Perera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perera, S. et al. Gait speed predicts incident disability: a pooled analysis. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci. 71, 63\u201371 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"21142_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1923","volume":"305","author":"S Studenski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Studenski, S. et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA 305, 50\u201358 (2011).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"21142_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00390","author":"O-Y Lo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lo, O.-Y. et al. Gait speed and gait variability are associated with different functional brain networks. Front. Aging Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00390 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"21142_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061792","volume":"18","author":"R Soangra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soangra, R. & Lockhart, T. E. Inertial sensor-based variables are indicators of frailty and adverse post-operative outcomes in cardiovascular disease patients. Sensors 18, 1792 (2018).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"21142_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22851","volume":"56","author":"DT Felson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Felson, D. T. et al. Correlation of the development of knee pain with enlarging bone marrow lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum. 56, 2986\u20132992 (2007).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"21142_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segal, N. A. et al. The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST): Opportunities for Rehabilitation Research. PM & R J. Injury Funct. Rehabil. 5 (2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.04.014"},{"key":"21142_CR53","volume-title":"WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index","author":"N Bellamy","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bellamy, N. WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index (University of Western Ontario, 1995)."},{"key":"21142_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.16.4.494","volume":"16","author":"J Kellgren","year":"1957","unstructured":"Kellgren, J. & Lawrence, J. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 16, 494 (1957).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"21142_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.12.003","volume":"33","author":"I Bautmans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bautmans, I., Jansen, B., Van Keymolen, B. & Mets, T. Reliability and clinical correlates of 3D-accelerometry based gait analysis outcomes according to age and fall-risk. Gait Posture 33, 366\u2013372 (2011).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"21142_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff, L. S. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl. Psychol. Meas. 1, 385\u2013401 (1977).","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"21142_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9782-1","volume-title":"Targeted Learning: Causal Inference for Observational and Experimental Data","author":"MJ Van der Laan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van der Laan, M. J. & Rose, S. Targeted Learning: Causal Inference for Observational and Experimental Data (Springer, 2011)."},{"key":"21142_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"sl3: Pipelines for Machine Learning and Super Learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1342293 (2021).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.1342293"},{"key":"21142_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80023-1","volume":"5","author":"DH Wolpert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wolpert, D. H. Stacked generalization. Neural Netw. 5, 241\u2013259 (1992).","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"21142_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00117832","volume":"24","author":"L Breiman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Breiman, L. Stacked regressions. Mach. Learn. 24, 49\u201364 (1996).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"21142_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L. Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5\u201332 (2001).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"3","key":"21142_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199","volume":"2","author":"C-C Chang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chang, C. -C. &\u00a0Lin, C. -J.\u00a0 LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. 2(3), 1\u201327 (2011).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"21142_CR63","unstructured":"Meyer, D. et al. e1071: Misc Functions of the Department of Statistics, Probability Theory Group (Formerly: E1071), TU Wien [R Package Version 1.7\u20139]. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) (2021)."},{"key":"21142_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","volume":"45","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Buuren, S. & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J. Stat. Softw. 45, 1\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v045.i03 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"21142_CR65","unstructured":"Schreiber-Gregory, D. N. Paper 1404\u20132017 Multicollinearity: What Is It, Why Should We Care, and How Can It Be Controlled? (SAS, 2017)."},{"key":"21142_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slaght, J., S\u00e9n\u00e9chal, M., Hrubeniuk, T., Mayo, A. & Bouchard, D. Walking cadence to exercise at moderate intensity for adults: a systematic review. J. Sports Med. 2017 (2017).","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4641203"},{"key":"21142_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-7-4","volume":"7","author":"A Tura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tura, A., Raggi, M., Rocchi, L., Cutti, A. G. & Chiari, L. Gait symmetry and regularity in transfemoral amputees assessed by trunk accelerations. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 7, 1\u201310 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"21142_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0676-3","volume":"177","author":"G Yogev","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yogev, G., Plotnik, M., Peretz, C., Giladi, N. & Hausdorff, J. M. Gait asymmetry in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and elderly fallers: when does the bilateral coordination of gait require attention?. Exp. Brain Res. 177, 336\u2013346 (2007).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"21142_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.09.008","volume":"39","author":"D Kobsar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kobsar, D., Olson, C., Paranjape, R., Hadjistavropoulos, T. & Barden, J. M. Evaluation of age-related differences in the stride-to-stride fluctuations, regularity and symmetry of gait using a waist-mounted tri-axial accelerometer. Gait Posture 39, 553\u2013557 (2014).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"21142_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00266-4","volume":"23","author":"AL Goldberger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goldberger, A. L., Peng, C.-K. & Lipsitz, L. A. What is physiologic complexity and how does it change with aging and disease?. Neurobiol. Aging 23, 23\u201326 (2002).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"21142_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.9734\/BJAST\/2013\/4698","volume":"3","author":"BDLC Torres","year":"2013","unstructured":"Torres, B. D. L. C., L\u00f3pez, M. S., Cachadi\u00f1a, E. S. & Orellana, J. N. Entropy in the analysis of gait complexity: A state of the art. Br. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 3, 1097 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"21142_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-0955-7","volume":"181","author":"M Plotnik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Plotnik, M., Giladi, N. & Hausdorff, J. M. A new measure for quantifying the bilateral coordination of human gait: effects of aging and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp. Brain Res. 181, 561\u2013570 (2007).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"21142_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311424869","volume":"25","author":"A Weiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weiss, A. et al. Toward automated, at-home assessment of mobility among patients with Parkinson disease, using a body-worn accelerometer. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 25, 810\u2013818 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"21142_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.07.024","volume":"34","author":"SM Bruijn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bruijn, S. M., Bregman, D. J., Meijer, O. G., Beek, P. J. & van Die\u00ebn, J. H. Maximum Lyapunov exponents as predictors of global gait stability: A modelling approach. Med. Eng. Phys. 34, 428\u2013436 (2012).","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-21142-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-21142-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-21142-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T11:08:56Z","timestamp":1671793736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-21142-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["21142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-21142-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22200"}}