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Surgical dissections were performed for 15-colored silicon-injected human head specimens. The CS venous spaces were examined for their morphological and clinical characteristics using an expanded endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach. The intracavernous course of the internal carotid artery (ICA) divided the CS venous spaces into four interconnected virtual compartments: medial, anteroinferior, posterosuperior, and lateral. The CS venous spaces had peculiar morphological characteristics; the medial compartment was C-shaped while the anteroinferior compartment resembled a boat's bow. The mean distances from the medial border of the inferior horizontal segment of cavernous ICA to the mid-line of the pituitary gland (PG) were 6.07\u2009\u00b1\u20091.61\u00a0mm (left) and 5.97\u2009\u00b1\u20091.89\u00a0mm (right); the mean distances from the medial border of the subarachnoid segment of cavernous ICA to the mid-line of the PG were 5.77\u2009\u00b1\u20091.16\u00a0mm (left) and 5.63\u2009\u00b1\u20091.17\u00a0mm (right); the mean distances from the medial border of the anterior vertical segment of cavernous ICA to the mid-line of the PG were 10.27\u2009\u00b1\u20091.74\u00a0mm (left) and 10.47\u2009\u00b1\u20091.90\u00a0mm (right). Morphological characteristics and the knowledge of the interconnected regularities of the CS venous spaces may help surgeons accurately locate the neurovascular structure, and thus may contribute to the effective prediction of tumor invasion and extension during endoscopic CS surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21254-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T19:02:53Z","timestamp":1665082973000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expanded endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to determine morphological characteristics and clinical considerations of the cavernous sinus venous spaces"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Guowen","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honglei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianchun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruishan","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youxiong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"21254_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181c5a294","volume":"21","author":"B Abuzayed","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abuzayed, B. et al. 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