{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:16:19Z","timestamp":1790716579741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance\u2019s \u201c5 Per Mille\u201d program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans now enable accurate measurements on foot skeletal structures with the advantage of observing these in 3D and in weight-bearing. Among the most common skeletal deformities, the varus\/valgus of the hindfoot is the most complex to be represented, and a number of measure proposals have been published. This study aims to analyze and to compare these measurements from CBCT scans in a real clinical population with large such deformity. Ten patients with severe acquired adult flatfoot and indication for surgery underwent CBCT scans (Carestream, USA) while standing on that leg, before and after surgical correction. Corresponding 3D shape of each bone of the distal shank and hindfoot were defined (Materialise, Belgium). Six different techniques from the literature were used to calculate the varus\/valgus deformity, i.e. the inclination of the hindfoot in the frontal plane of the shank. Standard clinical measurements by goniometers were taken for comparison. According to these techniques, and starting from a careful 3D reconstruction of the relevant foot skeletal structures, a large spectrum of measurements was found to represent the same hindfoot alignment angle. Most of them were very different from the traditional clinical measures. The assessment of the pre-operative valgus deformity and of the corresponding post-operative correction varied considerably. CBCT finally allows 3D assessment of foot deformities in weight-bearing. Measurements from the different available techniques do not compare well, as they are based on very different approaches. It is recommended to be aware of the anatomical and functional concepts behind these techniques before clinical and surgical conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21440-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T13:07:04Z","timestamp":1665148024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["3D measurement techniques for the hindfoot alignment angle from weight-bearing CT in a clinical population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Pavani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Belvedere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Ortolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Girolami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Durante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Leardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"21440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100720950722","volume":"41","author":"MS Myerson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Myerson, M. S. et al. Classification and nomenclature: Progressive collapsing foot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 41(10), 1271\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100720950722 (2020).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"21440_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/s1083-7515(03)00084-6","volume":"8","author":"DH Van Boerum","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Boerum, D. H. & Sangeorzan, B. J. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot. Foot Ankle Clin. 8(3), 419\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1083-7515(03)00084-6 (2003).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin."},{"issue":"11","key":"21440_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-020-03995-5","volume":"49","author":"N Gutteck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gutteck, N., Schilde, S., Delank, K. S. & Arbab, D. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostics and conservative treatment of adult flatfoot. Der Orthopade 49(11), 942\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00132-020-03995-5 (2020).","journal-title":"Der Orthopade"},{"issue":"1","key":"21440_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-018-0297-7","volume":"11","author":"P Caravaggi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caravaggi, P., Sforza, C., Leardini, A., Portinaro, N. & Panou, A. Effect of plano-valgus foot posture on midfoot kinematics during barefoot walking in an adolescent population. J. Foot Ankle Res. 11(1), 55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13047-018-0297-7 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"21440_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e595","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00700","volume":"28","author":"MS Conti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conti, M. S. & Ellis, S. J. Weight-bearing CT scans in foot and ankle surgery. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 28(14), e595\u2013e603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00700 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"21440_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2019.07.008","volume":"26","author":"C Carrara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carrara, C., Caravaggi, P., Belvedere, C. & Leardini, A. Radiographic angular measurements of the foot and ankle in weight-bearing: A literature review. Foot Ankle Surg. 26(5), 509\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2019.07.008 (2020).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"21440_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697939","volume":"23","author":"A Leardini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leardini, A. et al. Weight-bearing CT technology in musculoskeletal pathologies of the lower limbs: Techniques, initial applications, and preliminary combinations with gait-analysis measurements at the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli. Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 23(6), 643\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1697939 (2019).","journal-title":"Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"21440_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2020.03.013","volume":"27","author":"C Carrara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carrara, C., Belvedere, C., Caravaggi, P., Durante, S. & Leardini, A. Techniques for 3D foot bone orientation angles in weight-bearing from cone-beam computed tomography. Foot Ankle Surg. 27(2), 168\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2020.03.013 (2021).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"21440_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95708-x","volume":"11","author":"M Ortolani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ortolani, M. et al. Angular and linear measurements of adult flexible flatfoot via weight-bearing CT scans and 3D bone reconstruction tools. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 16139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-95708-x (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"21440_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2020.0048","volume":"54","author":"ALBA Godoy-Santos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Godoy-Santos, A. L. B. A., Bordalo-Rodrigues, M., Lintz, F., L\u00f4bo, C. F. T. & Netto, C. C. Weight-bearing cone-beam computed tomography in the foot and ankle specialty: Where we are and where we are going - an update. Radiol. Bras. 54(3), 177\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0100-3984.2020.0048 (2021).","journal-title":"Radiol. Bras."},{"key":"21440_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-021-03904-1","author":"LS Brandenburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brandenburg, L. S. et al. Measuring standing hindfoot alignment: reliability of different approaches in conventional X-ray and cone-beam CT. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-021-03904-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"21440_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_288_19","volume":"29","author":"K Pilania","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pilania, K., Jankharia, B. & Monoot, P. Role of the weight-bearing cone-beam CT in evaluation of flatfoot deformity. Indian J. Radiol. Imaging 29(4), 364\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_288_19 (2019).","journal-title":"Indian J. Radiol. Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"21440_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716646629","volume":"37","author":"EA Cody","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cody, E. A., Williamson, E. R., Burket, J. C., Deland, J. T. & Ellis, S. J. Correlation of talar anatomy and subtalar joint alignment on weightbearing computed tomography with radiographic flatfoot parameters. Foot Ankle Int. 37(8), 874\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100716646629 (2016).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"18","key":"21440_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.01366","volume":"99","author":"NC de Cesar","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Cesar, N. C. et al. Flexible adult acquired flatfoot deformity: Comparison between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing measurements using cone-beam computed tomography. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 99(18), e98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.16.01366 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"21440_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100717740330","volume":"39","author":"A Barg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barg, A. et al. Weightbearing computed tomography of the foot and ankle: Emerging technology topical review. Foot Ankle Int. 39(3), 376\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100717740330 (2018).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"21440_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170066","volume":"3","author":"F Lintz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lintz, F. et al. Weight-bearing cone beam CT scans in the foot and ankle. EFORT Open Rev. 3(5), 278\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170066 (2018).","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"21440_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001067","volume":"478","author":"ABM Burssens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burssens, A. B. M. et al. Is lower-limb alignment associated with hindfoot deformity in the coronal plane? A weightbearing CT analysis. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 478(1), 154\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001067 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"21440_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-020-03532-7","volume":"50","author":"A Haldar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haldar, A. et al. 3D imaging for hindfoot alignment assessment: A comparative study between non-weight-bearing MRI and weight-bearing CT. Skelet. Radiol. 50(1), 179\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-020-03532-7 (2021).","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"issue":"1S","key":"21440_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2020.102772","volume":"107","author":"F Lintz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lintz, F., Beaudet, P., Richardi, G. & Brilhault, J. Weight-bearing CT in foot and ankle pathology. Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. 107(1S), 102772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2020.102772 (2021).","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"21440_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5430\/ijdi.v1n2p1","volume":"1","author":"JB Ludlow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ludlow, J. B. & Ivanovic, M. Weightbearing CBCT, MDCT, and 2D imaging dosimetry of the foot and ankle. Int. J. Diagn. Imaging 1(2), 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/ijdi.v1n2p1 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Diagn. Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"21440_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13198","volume":"45","author":"JB Ludlow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ludlow, J. B. Hand-wrist, knee, and foot-ankle dosimetry and image quality measurements of a novel extremity imaging unit providing CBCT and 2D imaging options. Med. Phys. 45(11), 4955\u20134963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.13198 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"21440_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-017-0582-1","volume":"9","author":"M Posadzy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Posadzy, M., Desimpel, J. & Vanhoenacker, F. Cone beam CT of the musculoskeletal system: Clinical applications. Insights Imaging 9(1), 35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13244-017-0582-1 (2018).","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"21440_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2019.03.006","volume":"26","author":"M Hamard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamard, M. et al. Accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography for syndesmosis injury diagnosis compared to conventional computed tomography. Foot Ankle Surg. 26(3), 265\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2019.03.006 (2019).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"8","key":"21440_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.08.08","volume":"9","author":"G Durastanti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Durastanti, G. et al. Comparison of cartilage and bone morphological models of the ankle joint derived from different medical imaging technologies. Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 9(8), 1368\u20131382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/qims.2019.08.08 (2019).","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"issue":"11","key":"21440_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.1017","volume":"32","author":"M Kido","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kido, M. et al. Load response of the tarsal bones in patients with flatfoot deformity: in vivo 3D study. Foot Ankle Int. 32(11), 1017\u20131022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3113\/FAI.2011.1017 (2011).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"3 Suppl. 2","key":"21440_CR26","first-page":"23","volume":"34","author":"A Bernasconi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernasconi, A. et al. Foot and ankle measurements on cone beam weightbearing computed tomography. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 34(3 Suppl. 2), 23\u201332 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"issue":"5","key":"21440_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178540","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178540","volume":"12","author":"TM B\u00fccking","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00fccking, T. M. et al. From medical imaging data to 3D printed anatomical models. PLoS ONE 12(5), e0178540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178540 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"21440_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2018.10.008","author":"NC de Cesar","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Cesar, N. C. et al. Hindfoot alignment of adult acquired flatfoot deformity: A comparison of clinical assessment and weightbearing cone beam CT examinations. Foot Ankle Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2018.10.008 (2019).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"21440_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2014.04.004","volume":"20","author":"M Richter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richter, M., Seidl, B., Zech, S. & Hahn, S. PedCAT for 3D-imaging in standing position allows for more accurate bone position (angle) measurement than radiographs or CT. Foot Ankle Surg. 20(3), 201\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2014.04.004 (2014).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"21440_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-3028-2","volume":"24","author":"A Hirschmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hirschmann, A., Pfirrmann, C. W. A., Klammer, G., Espinosa, N. & Buck, F. M. Upright cone CT of the hindfoot: Comparison of the non-weight-bearing with the upright weight-bearing position. Eur. Radiol. 24(3), 553\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-013-3028-2 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"21440_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2020.04.011","volume":"27","author":"D Shakoor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shakoor, D. et al. Weight-bearing radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography examinations in adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Surg. 27(2), 201\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2020.04.011 (2020).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"21440_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000209","volume":"20","author":"E Sobel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sobel, E., Levitz, S., Caselli, M., Brentnall, Z. & Tran, M. Q. Natural history of the rearfoot angle: Preliminary values in 150 children. Foot Ankle Int. 20(2), 119\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079902000209 (1999).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"21440_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700810","volume":"27","author":"UGR Kanatli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanatli, U. G. R., Besli, K., Yetkin, H. & B\u00f6l\u00fckbasi, S. The relationship between the hindfoot angle and the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. Foot Ankle Int. 27(8), 623\u2013627 (2006).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"9","key":"21440_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079501600911","volume":"16","author":"CL Saltzman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Saltzman, C. L. & el-Khoury, G. Y. The hindfoot alignment view. Foot Ankle Int. 16(9), 572\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079501600911 (1995).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"7","key":"21440_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100718762113","volume":"39","author":"NC de Cesar","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Cesar, N. C., Kunas, G. C., Soukup, D., Marinescu, A. & Ellis, S. J. Correlation of clinical evaluation and radiographic hindfoot alignment in stage II adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 39(7), 771\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100718762113 (2018).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"21440_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.32.38","volume":"32","author":"T Ohnishi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ohnishi, T., Hida, M., Nagasaki, T. & Wada, C. Reliability of laser-assisted hindfoot alignment evaluation. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 32(1), 38\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1589\/jpts.32.38 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"21440_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019190046","volume":"39","author":"DV Flores","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flores, D. V., Mej\u00eda G\u00f3mez, C., Fern\u00e1ndez Hernando, M., Davis, M. A. & Pathria, M. N. Adult acquired flatfoot deformity: Anatomy, biomechanics, staging, and imaging findings. Radiographics 39(5), 1437\u20131460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2019190046 (2019).","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"11","key":"21440_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0857-9","volume":"39","author":"MLBL Reilingh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reilingh, M. L. B. L., Tuijthof, G. J., Stufkens, S. A., Maas, M. & van Dijk, C. N. Measuring hindfoot alignment radiographically: The long axial view is more reliable than the hindfoot alignment view. Skelet. Radiol. 39(11), 1103\u20131108 (2010).","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"21440_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1054\/foot.2000.0645","volume":"11","author":"IDR Robinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robinson, I. D. R. & Halson-Brown, S. Reliability of clinical and radiographic measurement of rearfoot alignment in a patient population. Foot 11(1), 2\u20139 (2001).","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"21440_CR40","first-page":"202","volume":"118","author":"JC Cobey","year":"1976","unstructured":"Cobey, J. C. Posterior roentgenogram of the foot. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 118, 202\u2013207 (1976).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"21440_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2020.04.010","volume":"27","author":"JY Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi, J. Y., Lee, H. I., Kim, J. H. & Suh, J. S. Radiographic measurements on hindfoot alignment view in 1128 asymptomatic subjects. Foot Ankle Surg. 27(4), 366\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2020.04.010 (2021).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"21440_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.7547\/0950026","volume":"95","author":"BM Lamm","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lamm, B. M., Mendicino, R. W., Catanzariti, A. R. & Hillstrom, H. J. Static rearfoot alignment: A comparison of clinical and radiographic measures. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 95(1), 26\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/0950026 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"21440_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100714558846","volume":"36","author":"ERC Williamson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williamson, E. R. C., Chan, J. Y., Burket, J. C., Deland, J. T. & Ellis, S. J. New radiographic parameter assessing hindfoot alignment in stage II adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 36(4), 417\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100714558846 (2015).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"7","key":"21440_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196143070-00005","volume":"43","author":"BMH Kleiger","year":"1961","unstructured":"Kleiger, B. M. H. A roentgenographic study of the development of the calcaneus by means of the posterior tangential view. J. Bone Joint Surg. 43(7), 961\u2013969 (1961).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"21440_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/10711007211058154","volume":"1","author":"HY Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, H. Y. et al. Intra- and interobserver reliability of the new classification system of progressive collapsing foot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 1, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10711007211058154 (2021).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"21440_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2015.10.002","volume":"22","author":"A Burssens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burssens, A., Peeters, J., Buedts, K., Victor, J. & Vandeputte, G. Measuring hindfoot alignment in weight bearing CT: A novel clinical relevant measurement method. Foot Ankle Surg. 22(4), 233\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2015.10.002 (2016).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"21440_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-021-03942-1","author":"CFTPE L\u00f4bo","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00f4bo, C. F. T. P. E., Bordalo-Rodrigues, M., de Cesar, N. C. & Godoy-Santos, A. L. Imaging of progressive collapsing foot deformity with emphasis on the role of weightbearing cone beam CT. Skelet. Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-021-03942-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"21440_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902001212","volume":"20","author":"JE Johnson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johnson, J. E., Lamdan, R., Granberry, W. F., Harris, G. F. & Carrera, G. F. Hindfoot coronal alignment: A modified radiographic method. Foot Ankle Int. 20(12), 818\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079902001212 (1999).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"21440_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5728","volume":"197","author":"FM Buck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buck, F. M. et al. Hindfoot alignment measurements: Rotation-stability of measurement techniques on hindfoot alignment view and long axial view radiographs. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 197(3), 578\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.10.5728 (2011).","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"issue":"4","key":"21440_CR50","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"G\u00c1V Slullitel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Slullitel, G. \u00c1. V., Lopez, V., Calvi, J. P. & Calvo, A. B. How accurate is clinical evaluation in hindfoot coronal alignment?. Foot Ankle Ortho 2(4), 1\u20137 (2017).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Ortho"},{"issue":"3","key":"21440_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2017.02.006","volume":"24","author":"A Burssens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burssens, A. et al. Weightbearing CT in normal hindfoot alignment\u2014Presence of a constitutional valgus?. Foot Ankle Surg. 24(3), 213\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2017.02.006 (2018).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"21440_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3400452","volume":"7","author":"M Mosca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mosca, M. et al. Mini bone block distraction subtalar arthrodesis (SAMBB) in the management of acquired adult flatfoot with subtalar arthritis: A modification to the Grice-Green procedure. Joints 7(2), 64\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-3400452 (2019).","journal-title":"Joints"},{"issue":"11","key":"21440_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100720938665","volume":"41","author":"M Mosca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mosca, M. et al. Outcome after modified Grice-Green Procedure (SAMBB) for arthritic acquired adult flatfoot. Foot Ankle Int. 41(11), 1404\u20131410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100720938665 (2020).","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"21440_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57912-z","volume":"10","author":"DH Marta Pe\u00f1a Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marta Pe\u00f1a Fern\u00e1ndez, D. H. et al. Centre of rotation of the human subtalar joint using weight-bearing clinical computed tomography. Sci. Rep. 10, 1035 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24322-2","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-21440-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-21440-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-21440-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T18:06:26Z","timestamp":1668794786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-21440-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["21440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-21440-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-24322-2","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-24322-2","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16900"}}