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The thymus is related to establishing central tolerance, and early pregnancy has effects on expression of a good number of genes and proteins in the maternal thymus in sheep. However, it is unclear whether early pregnancy changes expression of NF-\u03baB subunits in the ovine thymus. In this study, the thymic samples were collected from day 16 of non-pregnant ewes, and days 13, 16 and 25 of pregnant ewes, and the expression of NF-\u03baB members (NF-\u03baB1, NF-\u03baB2, RelA, RelB and c-Rel) was analyzed through real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that <jats:italic>c-Rel<\/jats:italic> mRNA and protein upregulated at day 25 of pregnancy, and <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB1<\/jats:italic> mRNA and proteins increased at days 16 and 25 of pregnancy, and <jats:italic>RelB<\/jats:italic> mRNA and proteins enhanced during early pregnancy. However, expression levels of NF-\u03baB2 and RelA were decreased during early pregnancy, but upregulated from day 13 to 25 of pregnancy. In addition, the RelA protein was located in the epithelial reticular cells, capillaries and thymic corpuscles. This paper reported for the first time that early pregnancy induced expression of NF-\u03baB1, RelB and c-Rel, but inhibited expression of NF-\u03baB2 and RelA in the maternal thymus during early pregnancy, which is involved in the central immune tolerance, and helpful for successful pregnancy in sheep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21632-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T14:07:22Z","timestamp":1666361242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Changes in expression of nuclear factor kappa B subunits in the ovine thymus during early pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunjiang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengya","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taipeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"21632_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat6114","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat6114","volume":"4","author":"SE Ander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ander, S. 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