{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:10:29Z","timestamp":1793747429465,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As the main component of the tractor gearbox, the box has the functions of shifting operation and carrying the cab, it also carries part of the framework function. If the strength, stiffness, or vibration characteristics of the box do not meet the allowable requirements, large vibration and noise may occur, and even there is the possibility of fracture in some limiting conditions. To solve this problem, according to the structural parameters of a gearbox, the three-dimensional model of the box was established by using the three-dimensional modeling software Creo. According to the dangerous degree of the transmission load when the tractor is working normally, three vehicle working conditions are selected: a round of suspension conditions, farm tool lifting conditions, and emergency turning conditions. In addition, according to the transmission ratio of each gear meshing inside the gearbox, two gear conditions are selected: gear condition one and reverse gear condition one. The forces of the box under these extreme conditions are analyzed. The static analysis and modal analysis of the tractor gearbox are carried out by using the Static Structural module of ANSYS Workbanch. The deformation, equivalent stress distribution, and modal vibration frequency of the gearbox are tested. The topology optimization method is used to improve structural defects and reduce box quality. The results show that the weight of the optimized box reduces by 8.44%, the deformation decreased by 15.89%, and the equivalent stress decreased by 18.34%. The strength and stiffness of the box are improved, the quality is lightweight, the waste of resources is reduced, and the heat dissipation performance and fracture resistance of the box are enhanced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22342-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T12:03:12Z","timestamp":1666008192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Finite element analysis and optimization of tractor gearbox body under various kinds of working conditions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sihui","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghui","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6941-6635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"22342_CR1","first-page":"49","volume":"36","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Rapid design method and software development for tractor gear box. J. Agric. Eng. 36(21), 49\u201355 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"22342_CR2","unstructured":"Du Pengyv. Strength Analysis and Lightweight Design of Tractor Power Shift Transmission Housing. JLU (Jilin University), 2019. https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms\/detail\/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD201902&filename=1019159508.nh&uniplatform=NZKPT&v=MfcxVMFVXm7qPomtUH7ncZT_x9XDf4xewIBlkOuib7iHIhF9Zd8sP5ybrRAeMEJZ."},{"key":"22342_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.06.164","volume":"192","author":"P Weis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weis, P., Ku\u010dera, \u013d & Pech\u00e1\u010d, P. Modal analysis of gearbox housing with applied load. Procedia Eng. 192, 953\u2013958 (2017).","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"22342_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-006-0582-7","volume":"34","author":"MS Abbes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abbes, M. S., Fakhfakh, T. & Haddar, M. Effect of transmission error on the dynamic behaviour of gearbox housing. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 34(3\u20134), 211\u2013218 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"22342_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2004.03.043","volume":"282","author":"YH Guan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guan, Y. H., Lim, T. C. & Shepard, W. S. Experimental study on active vibration control of a gearbox system. J. Sound Vib. 282(3\u20135), 713\u2013733 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"issue":"8","key":"22342_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2005.01.017","volume":"27","author":"CM Sonsino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sonsino, C. M. Structural durability of cast aluminium gearbox housings of underground railway vehicles under variable amplitude loading. Int. J. Fatigue 27(8), 944\u2013953 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"issue":"4","key":"22342_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073626","volume":"36","author":"E Ulu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ulu, E., Mccann, J. & Kara, L. B. Lightweight structure design under force location uncertainty. ACM Trans. Graph. 36(4), 1\u201313 (2017).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"22342_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, T., Zhao, W. & Min, H. Fatigue life estimation of a light truck gearbox housing using multi-body dynamics and finite element method. In International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering & Information Technology (IEEE, 2011).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMEIT.2011.6023866"},{"key":"22342_CR9","volume-title":"Parallel Design Methods for Optimizing Lightweight Structures","author":"KL Chan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chan, K. L., Kennedy, D. & Williams, F. W. Parallel Design Methods for Optimizing Lightweight Structures (Elsevier, 2000)."},{"key":"22342_CR10","unstructured":"Maner, V. B., Mirza, M. M. & Pawar, S. Design analysis and optimization for foot casing of gearbox. 2014. ISBN: 978-93-84209-15-5."},{"issue":"3","key":"22342_CR11","first-page":"188","volume":"6","author":"SM Patil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patil, S. M. & Pise, S. M. Modal and stress analysis of differential gearbox casing with optimization. Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 6(3), 188\u2013193 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl."},{"issue":"2","key":"22342_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7949(94)90279-8","volume":"52","author":"RJ Yang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yang, R. J. & Chuang, C. H. Optimal topology design using linear programming. Comput. Struct. 52(2), 265\u2013275 (1994).","journal-title":"Comput. Struct."},{"key":"22342_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-018-1953-z","volume":"58","author":"D Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, D. & Kim, I. Y. Multi-material topology optimization for practical lightweight design. Struct. Multidiscipl. Optim. 58, 1081\u20131094 (2018).","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscipl. Optim."},{"issue":"3","key":"22342_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201400075","volume":"17","author":"P Leite","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leite, P., Thomas, M. & Simon, F. Optimal design of a multifunctional sandwich panel with foam core: lightweight design for flexural stiffness and acoustical transmission loss. Adv. Eng. Mater. 17(3), 311\u2013318 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"22342_CR15","first-page":"22","volume":"1","author":"X Cai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cai, X., Wang, J. & Ma, W. Heavy-duty truck gear-box finite element modal analysis. Mech. Design Manuf. 1, 22\u201324 (2011).","journal-title":"Mech. Design Manuf."},{"key":"22342_CR16","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Zhang, J., Huang, B., Luo, C. & Liu, L. Lightweight design of heavy load gearbox housing on the topological optimization method. 11, 19\u201322 (2017). https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms\/detail\/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFDLAST2017&filename=ZHJC201711006&uniplatform=NZKPT&v=n0GpPHcFt_RCIz0mFvEECFEIY2qzyNNtCoH7RdBah5cmwVf3D6f6V06uOtC8av_V."},{"key":"22342_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.154-155.1379","volume":"154\u2013155","author":"R Dai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dai, R., Ma, J. S. & Zhang, H. D. Modal and strength analysis on a gearbox housing. Adv. Mater. Res. 154\u2013155, 1379\u20131383 (2010).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"22342_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"081010","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4039184","volume":"140","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, L., He, K., Liu, Y. & Liu, C. Position and force switching control for gear engagement of automated manual transmission gear-shift process. J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control 140(8), 081010 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control"},{"key":"22342_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.312.307","volume":"312","author":"GY Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao, G. Y., Xie, L. Y. & Zhao, Y. F. Analysis of statics and transient responses on automotive gearbox casing. Appl. Mech. Mater. 312, 307\u2013311 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"22342_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.230-232.539","volume":"230\u2013232","author":"GY Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao, G. Y., Fu, P. & Zhou, S. W. Dynamic mechanical analysis of automotive gearbox casing. Adv. Mater. Res. 230\u2013232, 539\u2013543 (2011).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"22342_CR21","unstructured":"Yanmei, Z. Finite element analysis and lightweight research of a frame based on ANSYS workbench. Zhengzhou University (2018). https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms\/detail\/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD201901&filename=1019011596.nh&uniplatform=NZKPT&v=tMxBrtKxpEgl0qmvbGQw3NC1DxrHYHEyz_hBd7RArEHR1vNUt4M_Y46pnM5PVKXu."},{"issue":"12","key":"22342_CR22","first-page":"28","volume":"35","author":"Z Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Huang, C. & Zheng, J. Finite element mechanics analysis for SF2D154 gear-box. J. Shaoguan Univ. 35(12), 28\u201332 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Shaoguan Univ."},{"key":"22342_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.123922","volume":"320","author":"K Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, K., Pan, H., Zhang, T. & Wang, H. Experimental study on the radial vibration characteristics of a coal briquette in each stage of its life cycle under the action of CO2 gas explosion. Fuel. 320, 123922 (2022).","journal-title":"Fuel."},{"key":"22342_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24462","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c02850","volume":"6","author":"K Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, K., Pan, H., Zhang, T. Experimental Study of Prefabricated Crack Propagation in Coal Briquettes under the Action of a CO2 Gas Explosion. ACS omega. 6, 24462\u201324472 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS omega."},{"key":"22342_CR25","first-page":"77","volume":"2","author":"X Lu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lu, X. & Wei, Z. Spectral analysis and diagnosis of gearbox noise. Vib. Impact 2, 77\u201380 (1999).","journal-title":"Vib. Impact"},{"issue":"12","key":"22342_CR26","first-page":"106","volume":"24","author":"N Guo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guo, N., Zhou, Y., Lei, G. & Wang, L. Heavy-duty vehicle gearbox box body topology optimization. J. Chongqing Univ. Technol. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 24(12), 106\u2013109 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Chongqing Univ. Technol. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"issue":"2","key":"22342_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11081-007-9028-9","volume":"9","author":"VV Lozin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lozin, V. V. Gearing optimization. Optim. Eng. 9(2), 201\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11081-007-9028-9 (2008).","journal-title":"Optim. Eng."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22342-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22342-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22342-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T12:16:18Z","timestamp":1666008978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22342-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-22342-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17386"}}