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Various leadership training and physician psychological well-being programmes have been developed internationally, yet no standard is established in primary care. The IMPROVE<jats:italic>job<\/jats:italic> leadership program was developed to improve job satisfaction among German general practitioners and practice personnel. Its acceptance and effectiveness were evaluated. The IMPROVE<jats:italic>job<\/jats:italic> intervention is a participatory, interdisciplinary and multimodal leadership intervention that targets leadership, workflows and communication in general practices using three elements: (1) two leadership workshops with skills training; (2) a toolbox with printed and online material, and (3) a 9-month implementation phase supported by facilitators. A cluster-randomised trial with a waiting-list control evaluated the effectiveness on the primary outcome job satisfaction assessed by the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (range 0\u2013100). A mixed-methods approach with questionnaires and participant interviews evaluated the acceptance of the intervention and factors influencing the implementation of intervention content. Statistical analyses respected the clustered data structure. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated intervention adjustments: online instead of on-site workshops, online material instead of facilitator practice visits. Overall, 52 of 60 practices completed the study, with altogether 70 practice leaders, 16 employed physicians, and 182 practice assistants. According to an intention-to-treat analysis, job satisfaction decreased between baseline and follow-up (not significantly) in the total study population and in both study arms, while the subgroup of practice leaders showed a non-significant increase. A mixed multilevel regression model showed no effect of the intervention on job satisfaction (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.36, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.86), which was influenced significantly by a greater sense of community (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.14, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The acceptance of the IMPROVE<jats:italic>job<\/jats:italic> workshops was high, especially among practice leaders compared to assistants (1\u2009=\u2009best to 5\u2009=\u2009worst): skills training 1.78 vs. 2.46, discussions within the practice team 1.87 vs. 2.28, group discussions 1.96 vs. 2.21. The process evaluation revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic complicated change processes and delayed the implementation of intervention content in practice routines. The workshops within the participatory IMPROVE<jats:italic>job<\/jats:italic> intervention were rated very positively but the multimodal intervention did not improve job satisfaction 9\u00a0months into the pandemic. Qualitative data showed an impairment of implementation processes by the unforeseeable COVID pandemic.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Trial registration<\/jats:bold> Registration number: DRKS00012677 on 16\/10\/2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22357-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T14:03:30Z","timestamp":1666706610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Leadership program with skills training for general practitioners was highly accepted without improving job satisfaction: the cluster randomized IMPROVEjob 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