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Pulmonary infection is the most prevalent but limiting\u00a0clinical diagnosis. To find biomarkers predicting bacterial or bacterial-combined fungal infections in the lungs, we reviewed 287 AA medical records including 151 without any infection, 87 with pure pulmonary bacterial infection, and 49 with bacterial and fungal infection were reviewed. There were substantial changes in IL-17F, IL-17A, IFN-\u03b3, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 levels between the non-infected and lung bacterial infection groups (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Further, a significant variation in IL-17A, TNF-\u03b2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-22, and IL-12p70, between the uninfected group and the pulmonary bacterial and fungal infection group (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) was observed. The results further revealed significant differences in TNF-\u03b2, IL-12p70, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 between the pulmonary bacterial infection group and the fungal infection group (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Moreover, by calculating ROC and cut-off values, we determined that IL-6 (AUC\u2009=\u20090.98, Cut-off\u2009=\u200914.28\u00a0pg\/ml, P\u2009=\u20090.0000) had a significant advantage than other cytokines, body temperature (AUC\u2009=\u20090.61, P\u2009=\u20090.0050), PCT (AUC\u2009=\u20090.57, P\u2009=\u20090.0592), and CRP (AUC\u2009=\u20090.60, P\u2009=\u20090.0147) in the detection of lungs\u00a0bacterial infections. In addition, IL-6 (AUC\u2009=\u20091.00, Cut-off\u2009=\u200951.50\u00a0pg\/ml, P\u2009=\u20090.000) and IL-8 (AUC\u2009=\u20090.87, Cut-off\u2009=\u200960.53\u00a0pg\/ml, P\u2009=\u20090.0000) showed stronger advantages than other cytokines, body temperature (AUC\u2009=\u20090.60, P\u2009=\u20090.0324), PCT (AUC\u2009=\u20090.72, Cut-off\u2009=\u20090.63\u00a0ng\/ml, P\u2009=\u20090.0000) and CRP (AUC\u2009=\u20090.79, Cut-off\u2009=\u20095.79\u00a0mg\/l, P\u2009=\u20090.0000) in distinguishing bacteria from fungi. This may suggest that IL-8 may play a role in differentiating co-infected bacteria and fungi. Such advantages are repeated in severe aplastic anemia (SAA) and very severe aplastic anemia (VSAA).In conclusion, aberrant IL-6 elevations in AA patients may predict the likelihood of bacterial lung infection. The concurrent increase of IL-6 and IL-8, on the other hand, should signal bacterial and fungal infections in patients.These findings may help to suggest bacterial or fungal co-infection in patients with AA (Focus on VSAA and SAA).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22503-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T11:03:06Z","timestamp":1667300586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cytokines help suggest aplastic anemia with pulmonary bacterial or co-fungal infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jinping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zefeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaoran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunlian","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tonghua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renbin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengzheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"22503_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1413485","volume":"379","author":"NS Young","year":"2018","unstructured":"Young, N. 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