{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T01:54:01Z","timestamp":1775008441135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018883","name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001516","name":"National Heart Foundation of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed per day has been associated with an increased risk of acute rheumatic fever, an autoimmune disease triggered by superficial <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic> infection. To explore if there could be a biological basis for this association, we used a mouse model of <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic> nasopharyngeal colonisation combined with a dietary intervention. We observed an increased bacterial load in the nasopharynx of mice receiving sucrose drinking water post-infection, suggesting that high sucrose intake promotes <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic> growth and\/or survival. This provides new insight into the potential biological basis behind the association seen in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22648-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T19:03:30Z","timestamp":1666379010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effects of sugar in drinking water on Streptococcus pyogenes colonisation in a murine nasopharyngeal infection model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Farina Nor","family":"Hashimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole J.","family":"Moreland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Troy L.","family":"Merry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9428-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacelyn M. S.","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"22648_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007038","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007038","volume":"6","author":"J Oliver","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oliver, J. et al. Preceding group A streptococcus skin and throat infections are individually associated with acute rheumatic fever: Evidence from New Zealand. BMJ Glob. Health 6, e007038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007038 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"22648_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab180","volume":"73","author":"N Lorenz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lorenz, N. et al. Serological profiling of group A streptococcus infections in acute rheumatic fever. Clin. Infect. Dis. 73, 2322\u20132325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab180 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"22648_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.191791","author":"J Bennett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bennett, J. et al. Rising ethnic inequalities in acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, New Zealand, 2000\u20132018. Emerg. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2701.191791 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"22648_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603693","volume":"377","author":"DA Watkins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watkins, D. A. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatic heart disease, 1990\u20132015. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 713\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1603693 (2017).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"22648_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4515","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224515","volume":"16","author":"MG Baker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baker, M. G. et al. Risk factors for acute rheumatic fever: Literature review and protocol for a case-control study in New Zealand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16, 4515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16224515 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"22648_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100508","author":"MG Baker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baker, M. G. et al. Risk factors for acute rheumatic fever: A case-control study. Lancet Reg. Health Western Pac. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100508 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Western Pac."},{"key":"22648_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5200-7","volume":"97","author":"JM Loh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loh, J. M. & Proft, T. Toxin-antitoxin-stabilized reporter plasmids for biophotonic imaging of Group A streptococcus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 97, 9737\u20139745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-013-5200-7 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"22648_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013864","volume":"5","author":"AG Manetti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manetti, A. G. et al. Environmental acidification drives S. pyogenes pilus expression and microcolony formation on epithelial cells in a FCT-dependent manner. PLoS ONE 5, e13864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0013864 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"22648_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23366-7","volume":"8","author":"KM Valdes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valdes, K. M. et al. Glucose Levels alter the mga virulence regulon in the group A streptococcus. Sci. Rep. 8, 4971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-23366-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22648_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.06006.x","volume":"66","author":"ER Hondorp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hondorp, E. R. & McIver, K. S. The Mga virulence regulon: Infection where the grass is greener. Mol. Microbiol. 66, 1056\u20131065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.06006.x (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"22648_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-1759(96)00243-8","volume":"202","author":"H Asanuma","year":"1997","unstructured":"Asanuma, H. et al. Isolation and characterization of mouse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. J. Immunol. Methods 202, 123\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-1759(96)00243-8 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"22648_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100507","volume":"26","author":"J Bennett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bennett, J. et al. Risk factors for group A streptococcal pharyngitis and skin infections: A case control study. Lancet Reg. Health Western Pac. 26, 100507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100507 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Western Pac."},{"key":"22648_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e366","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00332-3","volume":"3","author":"R Cordery","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cordery, R. et al. Frequency of transmission, asymptomatic shedding, and airborne spread of Streptococcus pyogenes in schoolchildren exposed to scarlet fever: A prospective, longitudinal, multicohort, molecular epidemiological, contact-tracing study in England, UK. Lancet Microbe 3, e366\u2013e375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00332-3 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"22648_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.05.010","volume":"27","author":"J Togo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Togo, J., Hu, S., Li, M., Niu, C. & Speakman, J. R. Impact of dietary sucrose on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in C57BL\/6J mice depends on mode of ingestion: Liquid or solid. Mol. Metab. 27, 22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.05.010 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"22648_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07602-0","volume":"7","author":"JMS Loh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loh, J. M. S., Lorenz, N., Tsai, C. J. Y., Khemlani, A. H. J. & Proft, T. Mucosal vaccination with pili from Group A Streptococcus expressed on Lactococcus lactis generates protective immune responses. Sci. Rep. 7, 7174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-07602-0 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22648_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0467-0_23","volume":"2136","author":"AHJ Khemlani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khemlani, A. H. J., Proft, T. & Loh, J. M. S. A mouse nasopharyngeal colonization model for Group A streptococcus. Methods Mol. Biol. 2136, 303\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-0467-0_23 (2020).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"22648_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61655","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061655PONE-D-12-38382[pii]","volume":"8","author":"FM Alam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alam, F. M., Turner, C. E., Smith, K., Wiles, S. & Sriskandan, S. Inactivation of the CovR\/S virulence regulator impairs infection in an improved murine model of Streptococcus pyogenes naso-pharyngeal infection. PLoS ONE 8, e61655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0061655PONE-D-12-38382[pii] (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22648-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22648-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22648-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T19:53:19Z","timestamp":1666381999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22648-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-22648-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17716"}}