{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:56:58Z","timestamp":1793116618519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005720","name":"Geological Society of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-1712071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-1712071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002861","name":"Explorers Club","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation, United States","award":["OCE-1356509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE-1356509"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation, United States","award":["OCE-1903616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE-1903616"]}]},{"name":"Texas A&M-CONACYT: Collaborative Research Grant Program"},{"name":"Texas A&M: Triads for Transformation Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The collapse of the Maya civilization in the late 1st\/early 2nd millennium CE has been attributed to multiple internal and external causes including overpopulation, increased warfare, and environmental deterioration. Yet the role hurricanes may have played in the fracturing of Maya socio-political networks, site abandonment, and cultural reconfiguration remains unexplored. Here we present a 2200 yearlong hurricane record developed from sediment recovered from a flooded cenote on the northeastern Yucatan peninsula. The sediment archive contains fine grain autogenic carbonate interspersed with anomalous deposits of coarse carbonate material that we interpret as evidence of local hurricane activity. This interpretation is supported by the correlation between the multi-decadal distribution of recent coarse beds and the temporal distribution of modern regional landfalling storms. In total, this record allows us to reconstruct the variable hurricane conditions impacting the northern lowland Maya during the Late Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic Periods. Strikingly, persistent above-average hurricane frequency between\u2009~\u2009700 and 1450 CE encompasses the Maya Terminal Classic Phase, the declines of Chich\u00e9n Itza, Cob\u00e1, and subsequent rise and fall of the Mayap\u00e1n Confederacy. This suggests that hurricanes may have posed an additional environmental stressor necessary of consideration when examining the Postclassic transformation of northern Maya polities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22756-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T10:17:34Z","timestamp":1669198654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Northeast Yucatan hurricane activity during the Maya Classic and Postclassic periods"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"van Hengstum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Tamalavage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler S.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawna N.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Mejia-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard G.","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Meacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Korty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"22756_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1017\/S095653610314103X","volume":"14","author":"AP Andrews","year":"2003","unstructured":"Andrews, A. P., Andrews, E. W. & Castellanos, F. R. The northern Maya collapse and its aftermath. Anc. Mesoam. 14, 151\u2013156 (2003).","journal-title":"Anc. Mesoam."},{"key":"22756_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, B., et al., Pre\u2010Columbian deforestation as an amplifier of drought in Mesoamerica. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39(16) (2012).","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052565"},{"key":"22756_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oglesby, R.J., et al., Collapse of the Maya: Could deforestation have contributed? Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 115(D12) (2010).","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD011942"},{"issue":"2","key":"22756_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/qres.2001.2305","volume":"57","author":"MF Rosenmeier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rosenmeier, M. F. et al. A 4000-year lacustrine record of environmental change in the southern Maya lowlands, Pet\u00e9n Guatemala. Quatern. Res. 57(2), 183\u2013190 (2002).","journal-title":"Quatern. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"22756_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10814-007-9015-x","volume":"15","author":"JJ Aimers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aimers, J. J. What maya collapse? Terminal classic variation in the Maya lowlands. J. Archaeol. Res. 15(4), 329\u2013377 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Res."},{"issue":"6108","key":"22756_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226299","volume":"338","author":"DJ Kennett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kennett, D. J. et al. Development and disintegration of maya political systems in response to climate change. Science 338(6108), 788\u2013791 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007813518630","volume":"14","author":"D Webster","year":"2000","unstructured":"Webster, D. The not so peaceful civilization: A review of Maya war. J. World Prehist. 14(1), 65\u2013119 (2000).","journal-title":"J. World Prehist."},{"issue":"2","key":"22756_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2307\/204770","volume":"17","author":"C Ballard","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ballard, C. Drought and economic distress: South Africa in the 1800s. J. Interdiscip. Hist. 17(2), 359\u2013378 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Interdiscip. Hist."},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-010-0112-2","volume":"32","author":"G Gilbert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gilbert, G. & McLeman, R. Household access to capital and its effects on drought adaptation and migration: A case study of rural Alberta in the 1930s. Popul. Environ. 32(1), 3\u201326 (2010).","journal-title":"Popul. Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"22756_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116304109","volume":"109","author":"D Kaniewski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaniewski, D., Van Campo, E. & Weiss, H. Drought is a recurring challenge in the middle east. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109(10), 3862\u20133867 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1006\/qres.1996.0042","volume":"46","author":"JH Curtis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Curtis, J. H., Hodell, D. A. & Brenner, M. Climate variability on the yucatan peninsula (mexico) during the past 3500 years, and implications for maya cultural evolution. Quatern. Res. 46(1), 37\u201347 (1996).","journal-title":"Quatern. Res."},{"issue":"7371","key":"22756_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/479044a","volume":"479","author":"J Aimers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aimers, J. & Hodell, D. Drought and the maya. Nature 479(7371), 44\u201345 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5520","key":"22756_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057759","volume":"292","author":"DA Hodell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hodell, D. A. et al. Solar forcing of drought frequency in the Maya lowlands. Science 292(5520), 1367\u20131370 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"22756_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2007.02.022","volume":"250","author":"JW Webster","year":"2007","unstructured":"Webster, J. W. et al. Stalagmite evidence from Belize indicating significant droughts at the time of preclassic abandonment, the maya hiatus, and the classic maya collapse. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 250(1\u20134), 1\u201317 (2007).","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"issue":"6071","key":"22756_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1216629","volume":"335","author":"M Medina-Elizalde","year":"2012","unstructured":"Medina-Elizalde, M. & Rohling, E. J. Collapse of classic maya civilization related to modest reduction in precipitation. Science 335(6071), 956\u2013959 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"22756_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2004.10.013","volume":"24","author":"DA Hodell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hodell, D. A., Brenner, M. & Curtis, J. H. Terminal classic drought in the northern Maya lowlands inferred from multiple sediment cores in Lake Chichancanab (Mexico). Quatern. Sci. Rev. 24(12\u201313), 1413\u20131427 (2005).","journal-title":"Quatern. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"22756_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114838109","volume":"109","author":"NP Dunning","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dunning, N. P., Beach, T. P. & Luzzadder-Beach, S. Kax and kol: Collapse and resilience in lowland Maya civilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109(10), 3652\u20133657 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00978220","volume":"7","author":"AP Andrews","year":"1993","unstructured":"Andrews, A. P. Late postclassic lowland Maya archaeology. J. World Prehist. 7(1), 35\u201369 (1993).","journal-title":"J. World Prehist."},{"issue":"35","key":"22756_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13908","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210106109","volume":"109","author":"BL Turner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Turner, B. L. & Sabloff, J. A. Classic period collapse of the central maya lowlands: Insights about human\u2013environment relationships for sustainability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109(35), 13908\u201313914 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"22756_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yqres.2016.05.006","volume":"86","author":"M Medina-Elizalde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Medina-Elizalde, M. et al. Testing the \u201ctropical storm\u201d hypothesis of Yucatan Peninsula climate variability during the Maya terminal classic period. Quatern. Res. 86(2), 111\u2013119 (2016).","journal-title":"Quatern. Res."},{"key":"22756_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020PA004184","DOI":"10.1029\/2020PA004184","volume":"36","author":"RM Sullivan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sullivan, R. M. et al. Hydroclimate dipole drives multi-centennial variability in the western tropical north atlantic margin during the middle and late holocene. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 36, 2020PA004184 (2021).","journal-title":"Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol."},{"issue":"6754","key":"22756_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/44326","volume":"401","author":"KA Emanuel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Emanuel, K. A. Thermodynamic control of hurricane intensity. Nature 401(6754), 665\u2013669 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"22756_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3497.1","volume":"23","author":"JP Kossin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kossin, J. P., Camargo, S. J. & Sitkowski, M. Climate modulation of North Atlantic hurricane tracks. J. Clim. 23(11), 3057\u20133076 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"issue":"7","key":"22756_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3155.1","volume":"134","author":"SK Kimball","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kimball, S. K. A modeling study of hurricane landfall in a dry environment. Mon. Weather Rev. 134(7), 1901\u20131918 (2006).","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"22756_CR25","unstructured":"Witschey, W.R.T., The archaeology of Muyil, Quintana Roo, Mexico: A Maya site on the east coast of the Yucatan peninsula Tulane University (1993)."},{"issue":"2","key":"22756_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056569","volume":"8","author":"MF Adame","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adame, M. F. et al. Carbon stocks of tropical coastal wetlands within the karstic landscape of the Mexican Caribbean. PLoS ONE 8(2), e56569 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-009-0016-z","volume":"30","author":"BR Gondwe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gondwe, B. R. et al. Hydrologic dynamics of the ground-water-dependent Sian Ka\u2019an wetlands, Mexico, derived from InSAR and SAR data. Wetlands 30(1), 1\u201313 (2010).","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"issue":"3","key":"22756_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.520344","volume":"2","author":"J Rogan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rogan, J. et al. Hurricane disturbance mapping using MODIS EVI data in the southeastern Yucat\u00e1n Mexico. Remote Sens. Lett. 2(3), 259\u2013267 (2011).","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"22756_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-014-9892-4","volume":"38","author":"D Lagomasino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lagomasino, D. et al. Connecting groundwater and surface water sources in groundwater dependent coastal wetlands and estuaries: Sian Ka\u2019an biosphere reserve, Quintana Roo Mexico. Estuaries Coasts 38(5), 1744\u20131763 (2015).","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR30","first-page":"11","volume":"151","author":"JA Sabloff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sabloff, J. A. It depends on how we look at things: New perspectives on the Postclassic period in the northern Maya lowlands. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 151(1), 11\u201326 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Philos. Soc."},{"issue":"45","key":"22756_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213638109","volume":"109","author":"MA Masson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Masson, M. A. Maya collapse cycles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109(45), 18237\u201318238 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"22756_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(95)00032-H","volume":"124","author":"JA Holmes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Holmes, J. A. et al. A late quaternary palaeolimnological record from Jamaica based on trace-element chemistry of ostracod shells. Chem. Geol. 124(1\u20132), 143\u2013160 (1995).","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00680032","volume":"9","author":"F Street-Perrott","year":"1993","unstructured":"Street-Perrott, F. et al. Late quaternary palaeolimnology of a tropical marl lake: Wallywash great pond Jamaica. J. Paleolimnol. 9(1), 3\u201322 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Paleolimnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"22756_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-13-00069.1","volume":"30","author":"AL Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown, A. L. et al. A coastal Yucatan sinkhole records intense hurricane events. J. Coastal Res. 30(2), 418\u2013428 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Coastal Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73132-x","volume":"10","author":"TS Winkler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winkler, T. S. et al. Revising evidence of hurricane strikes on Abaco Island (The Bahamas) over the last 700 years. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1\u201317 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"22756_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-0276.1","volume":"52","author":"RE Truchelut","year":"2013","unstructured":"Truchelut, R. E., Hart, R. E. & Luthman, B. Global identification of previously undetected pre-satellite-era tropical cyclone candidates in NOAA\/CIRES twentieth-century reanalysis data. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 52(10), 2243\u20132259 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"22756_CR37","unstructured":"Jarvinen, B.R., C.J. Neumann, and M.A. Davis, A tropical cyclone data tape for the North Atlantic Basin, 1886\u20131983: Contents, limitations, and uses. (1984)."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"22756_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.08.016","volume":"298","author":"M Medina-Elizalde","year":"2010","unstructured":"Medina-Elizalde, M. et al. High resolution stalagmite climate record from the Yucatan Peninsula spanning the Maya terminal classic period. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 298(1\u20132), 255\u2013262 (2010).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"22756_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL054331","volume":"40","author":"BL Konecky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Konecky, B. L. et al. Intensification of southwestern Indonesian rainfall over the past millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40(2), 386\u2013391 (2013).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"22756_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2020.104120","volume":"150","author":"AE Tamalavage","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tamalavage, A. E. et al. Plant wax evidence for precipitation and vegetation change from a coastal sinkhole lake in the Bahamas spanning the last 3000 years. Org. Geochem. 150, 104120 (2020).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"issue":"8","key":"22756_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2739","volume":"9","author":"PK Aggarwal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aggarwal, P. K. et al. Proportions of convective and stratiform precipitation revealed in water isotope ratios. Nat. Geosci. 9(8), 624\u2013629 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9232-1","volume":"83","author":"B Mendoza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mendoza, B. et al. Frequency and duration of historical droughts from the 16th to the 19th centuries in the Mexican Maya lands Yucatan Peninsula. Clim. Change 83(1), 151\u2013168 (2007).","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"22756_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03876","volume":"4","author":"K Denommee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Denommee, K., Bentley, S. & Droxler, A. Climatic controls on hurricane patterns: A 1200-y near-annual record from lighthouse reef belize. Sc. Rep. 4, 3876 (2014).","journal-title":"Sc. Rep."},{"key":"22756_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2013.07.013","volume":"344","author":"E Gischler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gischler, E., Anselmetti, F. S. & Shinn, E. A. Seismic stratigraphy of the Blue Hole (Lighthouse Reef, Belize), a late Holocene climate and storm archive. Mar. Geol. 344, 155\u2013162 (2013).","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68633-8","volume":"10","author":"D Schmitt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmitt, D. et al. Caribbean cyclone activity: An annually-resolved common era record. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1\u201317 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22756_CR46","volume-title":"The great Maya droughts: water, life, and death","author":"RB Gill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gill, R. B. The great Maya droughts: water, life, and death (UNM Press, 2000)."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"22756_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2008.03.003","volume":"195","author":"T.A. McCloskey","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCloskey, T. A. & Keller, G. (2009) 5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize. Quat. Int. 195(1\u20132) 53\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quaint.2008.03.003 (2009).","journal-title":"Quaternary International"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"22756_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.02.030","volume":"255","author":"D Imbert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Imbert, D. & Portecop, J. Hurricane disturbance and forest resilience: Assessing structural vs. functional changes in a Caribbean dry forest. Forest Ecol. Manag. 255(8\u20139), 3494\u20133501 (2008).","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"22756_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1114","volume":"75","author":"KH Beard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beard, K. H. et al. Structural and functional responses of a subtropical forest to 10 years of hurricanes and droughts. Ecol. Monogr. 75(3), 345\u2013361 (2005).","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1086\/690046","volume":"58","author":"JA Hoggarth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoggarth, J. A. et al. Drought and its demographic effects in the Maya lowlands. Curr. Anthropol. 58(1), 82\u2013113 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"key":"22756_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804765640","volume-title":"Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1648-1812: 1648-1812","author":"R Patch","year":"1994","unstructured":"Patch, R. Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1648-1812: 1648-1812 (Stanford University Press, 1994)."},{"issue":"35","key":"22756_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009510107","volume":"107","author":"SM Hsiang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hsiang, S. M. Temperatures and cyclones strongly associated with economic production in the Caribbean and Central America. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107(35), 15367\u201315372 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"22756_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04016012","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000235","volume":"18","author":"P Mohan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohan, P. Impact of hurricanes on agriculture: Evidence from the Caribbean. Nat. Hazard. Rev. 18(3), 04016012 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard. Rev."},{"key":"22756_CR54","volume-title":"Kukulcan's realm: Urban life at Ancient Mayap\u00e1n","author":"M Masson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Masson, M. & Lope, C. P. Kukulcan\u2019s realm: Urban life at Ancient Mayap\u00e1n (University Press of Colorado, 2014)."},{"key":"22756_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18506-4_9","volume-title":"The archaeology of food and warfare","author":"DJ Kennett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kennett, D. J. et al. War and food production at the Postclassic Maya City of Mayap\u00e1n. In The archaeology of food and warfare 161\u2013192 (Springer, 2016)."},{"issue":"2","key":"22756_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956536113000217","volume":"24","author":"BW Russell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Russell, B. W. Fortress mayap\u00e1n: Defensive features and secondary functions of a postclassic maya fortification. Anc. Mesoam. 24(2), 275\u2013294 (2013).","journal-title":"Anc. Mesoam."},{"key":"22756_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2015.12.007","volume":"138","author":"JA Hoggarth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoggarth, J. A. et al. The political collapse of Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1 in climatic and cultural context. Global Planet. Change 138, 25\u201342 (2016).","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"22756_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2009.08.002","volume":"28","author":"JL Munson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Munson, J. L. & Macri, M. J. Sociopolitical network interactions: A case study of the classic maya. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 28(4), 424\u2013438 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Archaeol."},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1006\/qres.1997.1941","volume":"49","author":"BW Leyden","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leyden, B. W., Brenner, M. & Dahlin, B. H. Cultural and climatic history of cob\u00e1, a lowland Maya city in Quintana Roo Mexico. Quatern. Res. 49(1), 111\u2013122 (1998).","journal-title":"Quatern. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"22756_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2007.00495.x","volume":"52","author":"P Nel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nel, P. & Righarts, M. Natural disasters and the risk of violent civil conflict. Int. Stud. Quart. 52(1), 159\u2013185 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. Stud. Quart."},{"key":"22756_CR61","unstructured":"Roys, R.L., The book of chilam balam of Chumayel. Vol. 1: Library of Alexandria. (1933)"},{"key":"22756_CR62","first-page":"99","volume":"224","author":"HW Konrad","year":"2003","unstructured":"Konrad, H. W. Ecological implications for pre-hispanic and contemporary Maya subsistence on the Yucatan peninsula. Revista de la Universidad aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n 224, 99\u2013126 (2003).","journal-title":"Revista de la Universidad aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28718-6","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22756-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22756-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22756-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T15:31:22Z","timestamp":1675265482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-22756-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-22756-2","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28718-6","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2023","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28718-6","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28718-6","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20107"}}