{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T14:40:41Z","timestamp":1782571241545,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Statins are hypolipidaemic in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive individuals. However, their effect on all-cause mortality and rate of discontinuation is unclear. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the impact of statins on all-cause mortality, discontinuation rates, and risk of adverse effects among HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We searched four electronic databases from inception until October 2021 for trials and cohort studies evaluating the effects of statin treatment versus placebo in HIV patients. Forty-seven studies involving 91,594 patients were included. Statins were associated with significantly lower risk of discontinuation (RR, 0.701; 95% CI 0.508\u20130.967;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.031). The risk of all-cause mortality (RR, 0.994; 95% CI 0.561\u20131.588;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.827), any adverse effects (RR, 0.780; 95% CI 0.564\u20131.077;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.131) and, diabetes mellitus (RR, 0.272; 95% CI 0.031\u20132.393;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.241) with statin treatment were lower but not statistically significant compared to placebo\/control. Statin treatment was associated with a trend of higher but statistically insignificant risk of myalgia (RR, 1.341; 95% CI 0.770\u20132.333;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.299), elevated creatine kinase (RR, 1.101; 95% CI 0.457\u20132.651;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.830) and liver enzyme activities (RR, 1.709; 95% CI 0.605\u20134.831;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.312). Clinicians should consider the nocebo effect in the effective management of PLWH on statins, who present with common adverse effects such as myalgia and, elevated levels of creatine kinase and liver enzymes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23102-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T15:08:12Z","timestamp":1666883292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effectiveness and safety of statins on outcomes in patients with HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Njeodo Njongang","family":"Vigny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo Osei","family":"Bonsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amudha","family":"Kadirvelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"23102_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global: HIV\/AIDS estimates. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet. Accessed on 28 May 2020."},{"key":"23102_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000695","volume":"140","author":"MJ Feinstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feinstein, M. J. et al. Characteristics, prevention, and management of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV-a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circ. 140, e98\u2013e124 (2019).","journal-title":"Circ."},{"key":"23102_CR3","first-page":"59","volume":"19","author":"E Bernal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernal, E. et al. Statins in HIV-infected patients: potential beneficial effects and clinical use. AIDS. Rev. 19, 59\u201371 (2017).","journal-title":"AIDS. Rev."},{"key":"23102_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.050","volume":"230","author":"HT Ou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ou, H. T. et al. Intensive statin regimens for reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases among human immunodeficiency virus-infected population: a nation-wide longitudinal cohort study 2000\u20132011. Int. J. Cardiol. 230, 592\u2013598 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"23102_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232636","volume":"15","author":"BA Phan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Phan, B. A. et al. Association between statin use, atherosclerosis, and mortality in HIV-infected adults. PLoS ONE 15, 1\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"23102_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133358","volume":"10","author":"S Lang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lang, S. et al. Is impact of statin therapy on all-cause mortality different in HIV-infected individuals compared to general population? Results from the FHDH-ANRS CO4 cohort. PLoS ONE 10, 1\u20139 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"23102_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1501-1","volume":"15","author":"L Calza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calza, L. et al. Tenofovir\/ emtricitabine\/efavirenz plus rosuvastatin decrease serum levels of inflammatory markers more than antiretroviral drugs alone in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected patients. HIV Clin. Trials. 15, 1\u20133 (2014).","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials."},{"key":"23102_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001167","volume":"30","author":"CT Longenecker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Longenecker, C. T. et al. Rosuvastatin slows progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with treated HIV infection. AIDS 30, 2195 (2016).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"23102_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(14)00032-0","volume":"2","author":"J Lo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lo, J. et al. Effects of statin therapy on coronary artery plaque volume and high-risk plaque morphology in HIV-infected patients with subclinical atherosclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2, e52-63 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"key":"23102_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000946","volume":"30","author":"E Nou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nou, E. et al. Serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases in response to statin therapy and relates independently to reductions in coronary plaque in patients with HIV. AIDS 30, 583\u2013590 (2016).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"23102_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000478","volume":"68","author":"N.T.,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Funderburg et al. Rosuvastatin reduces vascular inflammation and T cell and monocyte activation in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy. J. Acqui. Immune Defic. Syndr. 68, 396 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Acqui. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"23102_CR12","unstructured":"Page, M.J., et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 372 (2021)."},{"key":"23102_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","volume":"10","author":"ML Rethlefsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rethlefsen, M. L. et al. PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Syst. Rev. 10, 1\u20139 (2021).","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"23102_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., et al. Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, 2019.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch8"},{"key":"23102_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12141","volume":"8","author":"X Zeng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zeng, X. et al. The methodological quality assessment tools for preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta-analysis, and clinical practice guideline: a systematic review. J. Evid. Based Med. 8, 2\u201310 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Med."},{"key":"23102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.002","volume":"73","author":"SM Grundy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grundy, S. M. et al. 2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: Executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. JACC. 73, 3168\u20133209 (2019).","journal-title":"JACC."},{"key":"23102_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","volume":"50","author":"CB Begg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Begg, C. B. et al. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biom. 50, 1088\u20131101 (1994).","journal-title":"Biom."},{"key":"23102_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Egger, M. et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315, 629\u2013634 (1991).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"23102_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-6-27","volume":"6","author":"KW Johns","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johns, K. W. et al. Are HIV positive patients resistant to statin therapy?. Lipids Health Dis. 6, 1\u20135 (2007).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"23102_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1303-153","volume":"13","author":"L Calza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calza, L. et al. Statin therapy decreases serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in HIV-infected patients treated with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors. HIV Clin. Trials. 13, 153\u2013161 (2012).","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials."},{"key":"23102_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1501-1","volume":"15","author":"L Calza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calza, L. et al. Tenofovir\/emtricitabine\/efavirenz plus rosuvastatin decrease serum levels of inflammatory markers more than antiretroviral drugs alone in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected patients. HIV Clin. Trials. 15, 1\u20133 (2014).","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials."},{"key":"23102_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0054-x","volume":"14","author":"R Saeedi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saeedi, R. et al. Lipid lowering efficacy and safety of ezetimibe combined with rosuvastatin compared with titrating rosuvastatin monotherapy in HIV-positive patients. Lipids Health Dis. 14, 1\u20138 (2015).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"23102_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1823468","volume":"53","author":"L Calza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calza, L. et al. Rosuvastatin decreases serum inflammatory markers and slows atherosclerosis progression rate in treated HIV-infected patients with metabolic syndrome. Infect. Dis. 53, 81\u201388 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"23102_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa775","volume":"224","author":"AC Hearps","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hearps, A. C. et al. Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation in people with human immunodeficiency virus at intermediate cardiovascular risk. J. Infect. Dis. 224, 667\u2013672 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"23102_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu012","volume":"209","author":"AR Eckard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eckard, A. R. et al. Effect of 24 weeks of statin therapy on systemic and vascular inflammation in HIV-infected subjects receiving antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 209, 1156\u20131164 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"23102_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv734","volume":"37","author":"S Gili","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gili, S. et al. Comparative safety and efficacy of statins for primary prevention in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Heart J. 37, 3600\u20133609 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"23102_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108170-00007","volume":"15","author":"GJ Moyle","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moyle, G. J. et al. Dietary advice with or without pravastatin for the management of hypercholesterolaemia associated with protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS 15, 1503\u20131508 (2001).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"23102_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.10.018","volume":"147","author":"JH Stein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stein, J. H. et al. Effects of pravastatin on lipoproteins and endothelial function in patients receiving human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. Am. Heart J. 147, 713 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"23102_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2005.21.757","volume":"21","author":"JA Aberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aberg, J. A. et al. A randomized trial of the efficacy and safety of fenofibrate versus pravastatin in HIV-infected subjects with lipid abnormalities: AIDS clinical trials group study 5087. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 21, 757\u2013767 (2005).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses."},{"key":"23102_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000222072.37749.5a","volume":"20","author":"PW Mallon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mallon, P. W. et al. Effect of pravastatin on body composition and markers of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected men\u2013a randomized, placebo-controlled study. AIDS 20, 1003\u20131010 (2006).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"23102_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1310\/hct0801-53","volume":"8","author":"F Bonnet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonnet, F. et al. Pravastatin in HIV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: A placebo-controlled randomized study. HIV Clin. Trials. 8, 53\u201360 (2007).","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials."},{"key":"23102_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1310\/hct0904-254","volume":"9","author":"DC Macallan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Macallan, D. C. et al. Treatment of altered body composition in HIV-associated lipodystrophy: Comparison of rosiglitazone, pravastatin, and recombinant human growth hormone. HIV Clin. Trials. 9, 254\u2013268 (2008).","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials."},{"key":"23102_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19004","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.19004","volume":"17","author":"AM Grandi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grandi, A. M. et al. Dyslipidemia in HIV-positive patients: A randomized, controlled, prospective study on ezetimibe+fenofibrate versus pravastatin monotherapy. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 17, 19004 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"23102_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001427","volume":"31","author":"M Toribio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toribio, M. et al. Effects of pitavastatin and pravastatin on markers of immune activation and arterial inflammation in INTREPID: A randomized trial in HIV. AIDS 31, 797 (2017).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"23102_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.05.046","volume":"120","author":"H Riaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riaz, H. et al. Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials on the prevalence of statin intolerance. Am. J. Cardiol. 120, 774\u2013781 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"23102_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002769","volume":"35","author":"DC Boettiger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boettiger, D. C. et al. Maintenance of statin therapy among people living with HIV. AIDS 35, 567\u2013574 (2021).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"23102_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157531","volume":"11","author":"A Wongprikorn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wongprikorn, A. et al. Effects of pitavastatin on lipid profiles in HIV-infected patients with dyslipidemia and receiving atazanavir\/ritonavir: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study. PLoS ONE 11, e0157531 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"23102_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa196","volume":"222","author":"C deFilippi","year":"2020","unstructured":"deFilippi, C. et al. Differential plasma protein regulation and statin effects in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected patients utilizing a proteomics approach. J. Infect. Dis. 222, 929\u2013939 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"23102_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.7.913","volume":"28","author":"AP Rahman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rahman, A. P. et al. Safety and efficacy of simvastatin for the treatment of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving efavirenz-based highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pharmacotherapy J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther. 28, 913\u20139 (2008).","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"23102_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304110-00010","volume":"17","author":"L Calza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Calza, L. et al. Statins and fibrates for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. AIDS 17, 851\u2013859 (2003).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"23102_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-004-3136-7","volume":"32","author":"A Benesic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benesic, A. et al. Lipid lowering therapy with fluvastatin and pravastatin in patients with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: Comparison of efficacy and interaction with indinavir. Infect. 32, 229\u2013233 (2004).","journal-title":"Infect."},{"key":"23102_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., et al. Influence of statin therapy on the incidence of cardiovascular events, cancer, and all-cause mortality in people living with HIV: A meta-analysis. Front. Med. 8 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.769740"},{"key":"23102_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3162-1","volume":"18","author":"OA Uthman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uthman, O. A. et al. Statin use and all-cause mortality in people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 18, 1\u20138 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"23102_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052828","volume":"8","author":"LD Rasmussen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rasmussen, L. D. et al. Statin therapy and mortality in HIV-infected individuals; a danish nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE 8, e52828 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"23102_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021843","volume":"6","author":"RD Moore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moore, R. D. et al. Association between use of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and mortality in HIV-infected patients. PLoS ONE 6, e21843 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"23102_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002748","volume":"35","author":"RJ Bedimo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bedimo, R. J. et al. Statin exposure and risk of cancer in people with and without HIV infection. AIDS 35, 325\u2013334 (2021).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"23102_CR47","first-page":"205","volume":"20","author":"CC Dekkers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dekkers, C. C. et al. Overcoming obstacles in lipid-lowering therapy in patients with HIV-a systematic review of current evidence. AIDS Rev. 20, 205\u2013219 (2018).","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"23102_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001281","volume":"74","author":"CO Hileman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hileman, C. O. et al. Baseline vitamin D deficiency decreases the effectiveness of statins in HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy. J. Acqui. Immune Defic. Syndr. 74, 539 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Acqui. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"23102_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2009.00817.x","volume":"11","author":"A Calmy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calmy, A. et al. No significant effect of uridine or pravastatin treatment for HIV lipoatrophy in men who have ceased thymidine analogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy: A randomized trial. HIV Med. 11, 493\u2013501 (2010).","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"23102_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312782","volume":"124","author":"NC Ward","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ward, N. C. et al. Statin toxicity: Mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Circ. Res. 124, 328\u2013350 (2019).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"23102_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.15629","volume":"316","author":"R Chou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chou, R. et al. Statins for prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: Evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA 316, 2008\u20132024 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"23102_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1161\/ATV.0000000000000073","volume":"39","author":"CB Newman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Newman, C. B. et al. Statin safety and associated adverse events: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 39, e38-81 (2019).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"23102_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinogradova, Y., et al. Discontinuation and restarting in patients on statin treatment: prospective open cohort study using a primary care database. BMJ. 353 (2016).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i3305"},{"key":"23102_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, T., et al. Associations between statins and adverse events in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review with pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses. BMJ 374 (2021).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1537"},{"key":"23102_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ554","volume":"61","author":"KM Erlandson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erlandson, K. M. et al. Rosuvastatin worsens insulin resistance in HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 61, 1566\u20131572 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"23102_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000581","volume":"69","author":"KA Lichtenstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lichtenstein, K. A. et al. Statin use is associated with incident diabetes mellitus among patients in the HIV outpatient study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 69, 306 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"23102_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2099-5","volume":"17","author":"V Spagnuolo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spagnuolo, V. et al. Associations of statins and antiretroviral drugs with the onset of type 2 diabetes among HIV-1-infected patients. BMC Infect. Dis. 17, 1 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-23102-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-23102-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-23102-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T12:58:33Z","timestamp":1701262713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-23102-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-23102-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1807387\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18121"}}