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A cross-sectional study involving 221 volunteers was carried out in different districts of Beijing. Air pollution indices were recorded for 7 d (including the visit day). The indices recorded were the air quality index (AQI), which is a dimensionless measure that quantitatively describes the state of air quality, concentrations of particulate matter smaller than 2.5\u00a0\u03bcm (PM2.5) and 10\u00a0\u03bcm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), and nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). The Ocular Symptom Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire provided. Subsequently, subjects underwent slit-lamp examination, which included meibomian gland examination, conjunctival congestion score, conjunctivochalasis grade, tear meniscus height (TMH), tear breakup time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), Schirmer I test, and conjunctival impression cytology. The concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukins (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6 and IL-8 in tears were measured by microsphere-based immunoassay analysis. According to the value of the AQI, participants are divided into a slightly polluted (SP) group (n\u2009=\u2009103) which the AQI value is less than or equal to 100 and a heavily polluted (HP) group (n\u2009=\u2009118) whose AQI value is more than 100. Air pollution is related to ocular discomfort based on tear cytokine concentrations. PM2.5, PM10 and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were positively correlated with OSDI, MG expressibility, meibum score, meiboscore, conjunctival congestion score, Schirmer I test value, TMH, goblet-cell density, concentrations of IL-6, and VEGF were negatively correlated with TBUT. PM2.5 and PM10 appear to be the major risk factors to the ocular surface, with NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> being another important risk factor based on this study. The symptoms and signs of eye discomfort in the SP group were significantly less severe than those in the HP group, and tear cytokine concentrations (IL-6 and VEGF) were lower. Air pollution degrees were significantly correlated with tear cytokine concentrations, indicating an alteration of cytokine balance at the ocular surface under different degrees of air pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23294-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T11:03:06Z","timestamp":1667300586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Evidence of air pollution-related ocular signs and altered inflammatory cytokine profile of the ocular surface in Beijing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dalan","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"23294_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60898-3","volume":"382","author":"AS Shah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shah, A. 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