{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:33:29Z","timestamp":1787884409142,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006588","name":"Ministarstvo Znanosti, Obrazovanja i Sporta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Sveu\u010dili\u0161ne potpore"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sveu\u010dili\u0161ne potpore"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-11-2013-5935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-11-2013-5935"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this cross-sectional study was to objectively assess the salivary flow rate and composition and periodontal inflammation in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients. The subjects, who underwent whole-night polysomnography or polygraphy, were referred for saliva sampling and periodontal examination. According to the severity of OSA based on the Apnoea Hypopnea Index (AHI) value, the subjects were classified into groups: no OSA (AHI\u2009&lt;\u20095; N\u2009=\u200917), mild to moderate OSA (AHI 5\u201329.9; N\u2009=\u2009109), and severe OSA (AHI\u2009&gt;\u200930; N\u2009=\u200979). Salivary flow rate, pH, salivary electrolytes, and cortisol were measured from collected saliva samples. Periodontal examination included assessment of the number of teeth, dental plaque, bleeding on probing and periodontal measurements: gingival recession, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level (CAL) and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) score. There were no significant differences in salivary flow rate, salivary pH, salivary electrolyte concentrations or electrolyte ratios among the groups classified according to the severity of OSA. However, subjects without OSA had higher salivary cortisol concentrations than OSA groups (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Increased plaque scores were associated with a higher AHI (r\u2009=\u20090.26; p\u2009=\u20090.003). According to the salivary flow rate, subjects with hyposalivation and reduced salivation had higher concentrations of salivary electrolytes and lower salivary pH than subjects with normal salivation. Subjects with hyposalivation had an increased Mg\/PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> ratio (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and a reduced Ca\/Mg ratio (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, subjects with severe OSA tended to have higher CALs and plaque volumes. In conclusion, under pathological conditions, such as OSA, multiple interactions might impact salivary flow and electrolyte composition. Complex interrelationships might affect the integrity of oral health, especially considering OSA severity, inflammation, concomitant diseases and medications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23957-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T10:03:04Z","timestamp":1668247384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Salivary parameters and periodontal inflammation in obstructive sleep apnoea patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mia","family":"Tranfi\u0107 Duplan\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Pecoti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Lu\u0161i\u0107 Kalcina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Pavlinac Dodig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Vali\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Rogulji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunja","family":"Rogi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Lapi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Grdi\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Pero\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"\u0110oga\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"23957_CR1","volume-title":"Saliva and Oral Health","author":"M Edgar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Edgar, M. Saliva and Oral Health 4th edn. (British Dental Association, 2012).","edition":"4"},{"key":"23957_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2019_2762","volume":"66","author":"M Wozniak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wozniak, M., Paluszkiewicz, C. & Kwiatek, W. M. Saliva as a non-invasive material for early diagnosis. Acta Biochim. Pol. 66, 383\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18388\/abp.2019_2762 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"23957_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12100","volume":"70","author":"X Gao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gao, X., Jiang, S., Koh, D. & Hsu, C. Y. Salivary biomarkers for dental caries. Periodontology 2000 70, 128\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/prd.12100 (2016).","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"23957_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35S","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0353","volume":"139","author":"M Navazesh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Navazesh, M. & Kumar, S. K. Measuring salivary flow: Challenges and opportunities. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 139 (Suppl), 35S-40S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0353 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"23957_CR5","first-page":"321","volume":"41","author":"P Tschoppe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tschoppe, P., Wolgin, M., Pischon, N. & Kielbassa, A. M. Etiologic factors of hyposalivation and consequences for oral health. Quintessence Int. 41, 321\u2013333 (2010).","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"23957_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2006.00527.x","volume":"15","author":"A Oksenberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oksenberg, A., Froom, P. & Melamed, S. Dry mouth upon awakening in obstructive sleep apnea. J. Sleep Res. 15, 317\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2006.00527.x (2006).","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"23957_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e708","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.5659356593","volume":"12","author":"J Pico-Orozco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pico-Orozco, J., Carrasco-Llatas, M., Silvestre, F. J. & Silvestre-Rangil, J. Xerostomia in patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: A prospective case-control study. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 12, e708\u2013e712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.5659356593 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"23957_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13735","volume":"46","author":"IM Makeeva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Makeeva, I. M. et al. Xerostomia and hyposalivation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Clin. Otolaryngol. 46, 782\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/coa.13735 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"23957_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345990780080601","volume":"78","author":"A Almstahl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Almstahl, A. & Wikstrom, M. Oral microflora in subjects with reduced salivary secretion. J. Dent. Res. 78, 1410\u20131416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345990780080601 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"23957_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030571","author":"LL Ramenzoni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramenzoni, L. L. et al. Oral diagnostic methods for the detection of periodontal disease. Diagnostics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11030571 (2015).","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"23957_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01249.x","volume":"35","author":"W Nesse","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nesse, W. et al. Periodontal inflamed surface area: Quantifying inflammatory burden. J. Clin. Periodontol. 35, 668\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01249.x (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"23957_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516661142","volume":"95","author":"M Kuboniwa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuboniwa, M. et al. Prediction of periodontal inflammation via metabolic profiling of saliva. J. Dent. Res. 95, 1381\u20131386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034516661142 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"23957_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-13","volume":"26","author":"JM Yoshizawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yoshizawa, J. M. et al. Salivary biomarkers: Toward future clinical and diagnostic utilities. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 26, 781\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00021-13 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"23957_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/b:mcbi.0000028748.40917.6f","volume":"261","author":"AD Mata","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mata, A. D. et al. Effects of diabetes mellitus on salivary secretion and its composition in the human. Mol. Cell Biochem. 261, 137\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/b:mcbi.0000028748.40917.6f (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"23957_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.169846CCD-6-461","volume":"6","author":"KS Rajesh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rajesh, K. S., Zareena, H. S. & Arun Kumar, M. S. Assessment of salivary calcium, phosphate, magnesium, pH, and flow rate in healthy subjects, periodontitis, and dental caries. Contemp. Clin. Dent. 6, 461\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-237X.169846CCD-6-461 (2015).","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"23957_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1177\/2380084416663458","volume":"1","author":"P Meisel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meisel, P. et al. Magnesium\/calcium ratio in serum predicts periodontitis and tooth loss in a 5-year follow-up. JDR Clin. Trans. Res. 1, 266\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2380084416663458 (2016).","journal-title":"JDR Clin. Trans. Res."},{"key":"23957_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-21-202jtd-13-07-4541","volume":"13","author":"CX Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, C. X. et al. A narrative review of exploring potential salivary biomarkers in respiratory diseases: Still on its way. J. Thorac. Dis. 13, 4541\u20134553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/jtd-21-202jtd-13-07-4541 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"23957_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04012-5","author":"P Stazic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stazic, P. et al. Periodontitis severity in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Clin. Oral Investig. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-021-04012-5 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"23957_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1160-8","volume":"19","author":"TS Al-Jewair","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Jewair, T. S., Al-Jasser, R. & Almas, K. Periodontitis and obstructive sleep apnea\u2019s bidirectional relationship: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath 19, 1111\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-015-1160-8 (2015).","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"23957_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.08.014","volume":"24","author":"JM Mullington","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mullington, J. M., Simpson, N. S., Meier-Ewert, H. K. & Haack, M. Sleep loss and inflammation. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 24, 775\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2010.08.014 (2010).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"23957_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2015.1099730","volume":"74","author":"P Lopez-Jornet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lopez-Jornet, P. et al. Sleep quality in patients with xerostomia: a prospective and randomized case-control study. Acta Odontol. Scand. 74, 224\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016357.2015.1099730 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"23957_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03029-1","volume":"24","author":"I Apessos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Apessos, I., Andreadis, D., Steiropoulos, P., Tortopidis, D. & Angelis, L. Investigation of the relationship between sleep disorders and xerostomia. Clin. Oral Investig. 24, 1709\u20131716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-019-03029-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"23957_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01794.x","volume":"34","author":"H Mese","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mese, H. & Matsuo, R. Salivary secretion, taste and hyposalivation. J. Oral Rehabil. 34, 711\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01794.x (2007).","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"23957_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2016.12.005","volume":"27","author":"MR Cowie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cowie, M. R. Sleep apnea: State of the art. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 27, 280\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2016.12.005 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"23957_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/MedicalExpress.2015.05.02","author":"S Ponciano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ponciano, S. Hyposalivation, acidic saliva, decayed teeth and oral yeast prevalence in children with mucopolysaccharidosis. MedicalExpress https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/MedicalExpress.2015.05.02 (2015).","journal-title":"MedicalExpress"},{"key":"23957_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-200605000-00006","volume":"27","author":"F Firat","year":"2006","unstructured":"Firat, F., Cermik, T. F., Sarikaya, A. & Berkarda, S. Effects of gender and age on the quantitative parameters of [99mTc]pertechnetate salivary gland scintigraphy in normal subjects. Nucl. Med. Commun. 27, 447\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006231-200605000-00006 (2006).","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"23957_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.4321\/s1130-01082004001100005","volume":"96","author":"C Fenoll-Palomares","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fenoll-Palomares, C. et al. Unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers. Rev. Espanola Enfermedades Dig. 96, 773\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4321\/s1130-01082004001100005 (2004).","journal-title":"Rev. Espanola Enfermedades Dig."},{"key":"23957_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.028005373.x","volume":"28","author":"MW Dodds","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dodds, M. W., Yeh, C. K. & Johnson, D. A. Salivary alterations in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Commun. Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 28, 373\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.028005373.x (2000).","journal-title":"Commun. Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"23957_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.05.003","volume":"16","author":"LM Tomfohr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tomfohr, L. M., Edwards, K. M. & Dimsdale, J. E. Is obstructive sleep apnea associated with cortisol levels? A systematic review of the research evidence. Sleep Med. Rev. 16, 243\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.05.003 (2012).","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"23957_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0925-6","volume":"53","author":"J Bozic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bozic, J. et al. Morning cortisol levels and glucose metabolism parameters in moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea patients. Endocrine 53, 730\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-016-0925-6 (2016).","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"23957_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9474-1","volume":"40","author":"H Raff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raff, H., Ettema, S. L., Eastwood, D. C. & Woodson, B. T. Salivary cortisol in obstructive sleep apnea: The effect of CPAP. Endocrine 40, 137\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-011-9474-1 (2011).","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"23957_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.795155","volume":"30","author":"CM Ghiciuc","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghiciuc, C. M. et al. Restoring the salivary cortisol awakening response through nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstructive sleep apnea. Chronobiol. Int. 30, 1024\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07420528.2013.795155 (2013).","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"23957_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2019.03.004","volume":"357","author":"YR Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan, Y. R. et al. The association of salivary biomarkers with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and concomitant hypertension. Am. J. Med. Sci. 357, 468\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjms.2019.03.004 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"23957_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1994.tb01152.x","volume":"102","author":"S Wikner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wikner, S. & Soder, P. O. Factors associated with salivary buffering capacity in young adults in Stockholm, Sweden. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 102, 50\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1994.tb01152.x (1994).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"23957_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680090101","volume":"68","author":"DJ Bradshaw","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bradshaw, D. J., McKee, A. S. & Marsh, P. D. Effects of carbohydrate pulses and pH on population shifts within oral microbial communities in vitro. J. Dent. Res. 68, 1298\u20131302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345890680090101 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"23957_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211S","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(90)90160-c","volume":"35","author":"L Sewon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sewon, L. & Makela, M. A study of the possible correlation of high salivary calcium levels with periodontal and dental conditions in young adults. Arch. Oral Biol. 35 (Suppl), 211S-212S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-9969(90)90160-c (1990).","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"23957_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.1995.tb00146.x","volume":"22","author":"LA Sewon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sewon, L. A., Karjalainen, S. M., Sainio, M. & Seppa, O. Calcium and other salivary factors in periodontitis-affected subjects prior to treatment. J. Clin. Periodontol. 22, 267\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-051x.1995.tb00146.x (1995).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"23957_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12032","volume":"48","author":"WH Seo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seo, W. H. et al. The association between periodontitis and obstructive sleep apnea: A preliminary study. J. Periodontal Res. 48, 500\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jre.12032 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"23957_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.16.2013291\/16\/2013","volume":"291","author":"T Young","year":"2004","unstructured":"Young, T., Skatrud, J. & Peppard, P. E. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. JAMA 291, 2013\u20132016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.291.16.2013291\/16\/2013 (2004).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"23957_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2006.00168.x","volume":"4","author":"MF Timmerman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Timmerman, M. F. & van der Weijden, G. A. Risk factors for periodontitis. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 4, 2\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2006.00168.x (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"23957_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_38_18JISP-22-215","volume":"22","author":"C Latorre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Latorre, C. et al. Association between obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities with periodontal disease in adults. J. Indian Soc. Periodontol. 22, 215\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jisp.jisp_38_18JISP-22-215 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"23957_CR42","volume-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised: Diagnostic and Coding Manual","author":"AAoSM","year":"2001","unstructured":"AAoSM. International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised: Diagnostic and Coding Manual (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2001)."},{"key":"23957_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a6671","volume":"29","author":"I Sutej","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sutej, I., Bozic, D., Peros, K. & Plancak, D. Cigarette smoking and its consequences on periodontal health in teenagers: A cross-sectional study. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 29, 311\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21101\/cejph.a6671 (2021).","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"23957_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9120150","author":"K Basic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Basic, K., Peros, K., Bosnjak, Z. & Sutej, I. Subgingival microbiota profile in association with cigarette smoking in young adults: A cross-sectional study. Dent. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj9120150 (2021).","journal-title":"Dent. J."},{"key":"23957_CR45","first-page":"229","volume":"25","author":"J Ainamo","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ainamo, J. & Bay, I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int. Dent. J. 25, 229\u2013235 (1975).","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"23957_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1972.43.1.38","volume":"43","author":"TJ O'Leary","year":"1972","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary, T. J., Drake, R. B. & Naylor, J. E. The plaque control record. J. Periodontol. 43, 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.1972.43.1.38 (1972).","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"23957_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0006","volume":"89","author":"MS Tonetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tonetti, M. S., Greenwell, H. & Kornman, K. S. Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J. Periodontol. 89 (Suppl 1), S159\u2013S172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.18-0006 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"23957_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01086-7","volume":"20","author":"B KrizanSmojver","year":"2020","unstructured":"KrizanSmojver, B., Altabas, K., Knotek, M., Basic Jukic, N. & Aurer, A. Periodontal inflamed surface area in patients on haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: A Croatian cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 20, 95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01086-7 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-23957-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-23957-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-23957-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T11:17:54Z","timestamp":1668251874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-23957-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-23957-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19387"}}