{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:04:41Z","timestamp":1771329881573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cost-effective and energy efficient method for water sterilization is a challenging demand in the present scenario where scarcity of pure water is rising. Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) finds promising applications in environmental processes and has advantages over conventional water treatment methods. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> contaminated water treatment using multiple pin plasma reactor and atmospheric pressure plasma jet reactor was undertaken in this work. High voltage pulsed power was used for generating non-thermal plasma in these reactors and various configurations were tested for treating the contaminated water. The most feasible configuration among these was identified from the treatment efficiency and survival rate plots of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> colonies. It was observed that with an exposure of 15 min NTP, 100 percent bacterial removal\u00a0was achieved using plasma jet reactor configuration. The presence of bacteria after NTP-treated time was also checked and confirmed for\u00a0complete removal of bacteria. An optimum time of 15 min plasma exposure for 100 ml was found to be effective for complete removal of microorganisms and the sterility was maintained up to 60 min after the treatment. Non-thermal plasma-based treatment of bacteria-contaminated water is found to be promising and could be considered for scale-up and analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24248-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T20:13:26Z","timestamp":1669580006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Treatment of Escherichia coli contaminated water with different pulse-powered NTP configurations and analysis for post treatment efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sai Pavan","family":"Kalakonda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gandluri","family":"Parameswarreddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emil Ninan","family":"Skariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benu","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. V.","family":"Suchithra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. K.","family":"Sindhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"24248_CR1","unstructured":"Council, N. R., & Committee, S. D. W. et\u00a0al. Drinking water and health: Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products (1987)."},{"key":"24248_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.941010","volume":"56","author":"I Voukkali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voukkali, I. & Zorpas, A. Disinfection methods and by-products formation. Desalin. Water Treat. 56, 1150\u20131161 (2015).","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"24248_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083372","volume":"11","author":"A Barjasteh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barjasteh, A. et al. Recent progress in applications of non-thermal plasma for water purification, bio-sterilization, and decontamination. Appl. Sci. 11, 3372 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"24248_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.01.002","volume":"33","author":"V Scholtz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scholtz, V., Pazlarova, J., Souskova, H., Khun, J. & Julak, J. Nonthermal plasma-a tool for decontamination and disinfection. Biotechnol. Adv. 33, 1108\u20131119 (2015).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"24248_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBET.2013.055665","volume":"11","author":"M Coccia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coccia, M. & Finardi, U. New technological trajectories of non-thermal plasma technology in medicine. Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Technol. 11, 337\u2013356 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"24248_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.04.003","volume":"38","author":"A Filipi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filipi\u0107, A., Gutierrez-Aguirre, I., Primc, G., Mozeti\u010d, M. & Dobnik, D. Cold plasma, a new hope in the field of virus inactivation. Trends Biotechnol. 38, 1278\u20131291 (2020).","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"24248_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3951","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12644","volume":"19","author":"Y-M Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.-M., Patange, A., Sun, D.-W. & Tiwari, B. Plasma-activated water: Physicochemical properties, microbial inactivation mechanisms, factors influencing antimicrobial effectiveness, and applications in the food industry. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 19, 3951\u20133979 (2020).","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"24248_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125481","volume":"417","author":"M Magureanu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magureanu, M., Bilea, F., Bradu, C. & Hong, D. A review on non-thermal plasma treatment of water contaminated with antibiotics. J. Hazard. Mater. 417, 125481 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"24248_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-6272\/aacff4","volume":"20","author":"C Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, C., Guangzhou, Q., Tengfei, L., Jiang, N. & Tiecheng, W. Review on reactive species in water treatment using electrical discharge plasma: Formation, measurement, mechanisms and mass transfer. Plasma Sci. Technol. 20, 103001 (2018).","journal-title":"Plasma Sci. Technol."},{"key":"24248_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.200900070","volume":"7","author":"F Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, F. et al. Inactivation of bacteria in an aqueous environment by a direct-current, cold-atmospheric-pressure air plasma microjet. Plasma Processes Polym. 7, 231\u2013236 (2010).","journal-title":"Plasma Processes Polym."},{"key":"24248_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukes, P., Locke, B. R. & Brisset, J.-L. Aqueous-phase chemistry of electrical discharge plasma in water and in gas-liquid environments, in Plasma Chemistry and Catalysis in Gases and Liquids, Vol. 1, 243\u2013308 (2012).","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527649525.ch7"},{"key":"24248_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.07.168","volume":"75","author":"A Bhattacharyya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, A. & Rajanikanth, B. Biodiesel exhaust treatment with HFAC plasma supported by red mud: study on DeNOx and power consumption. Energy Procedia 75, 2371\u20132378 (2015).","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"24248_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.05.085","volume":"86","author":"K Matra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matra, K. & Wongkuan, S. Non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge generator. Procedia Comput. Sci. 86, 313\u2013316 (2016).","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"24248_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2011.6118619","volume":"18","author":"S Mohapatro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mohapatro, S. & Rajanikanth, B. Portable hvac and pulsed plasma sources for control of no x in diesel engine exhaust. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 18, 1821\u20131828 (2011).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"24248_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2003.808884","volume":"31","author":"MG Kong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kong, M. G. & Deng, X. T. Electrically efficient production of a diffuse nonthermal atmospheric plasma. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 31, 7\u201318 (2003).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"24248_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2005.10.003","volume":"61","author":"C Tendero","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tendero, C., Tixier, C., Tristant, P., Desmaison, J. & Leprince, P. Atmospheric pressure plasmas: A review. Spectrochim. Acta B 61, 2\u201330 (2006).","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta B"},{"key":"24248_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.09.090","volume":"236","author":"B Jiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang, B. et al. Review on electrical discharge plasma technology for wastewater remediation. Chem. Eng. J. 236, 348\u2013368 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"24248_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.03.059","volume":"273","author":"GR Stratton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stratton, G. R., Bellona, C. L., Dai, F., Holsen, T. M. & Thagard, S. M. Plasma-based water treatment: Conception and application of a new general principle for reactor design. Chem. Eng. J. 273, 543\u2013550 (2015).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"24248_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103476","volume":"7","author":"J Jose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jose, J. & Philip, L. Degradation of chlorobenzene in aqueous solution by pulsed power plasma: Mechanism and effect of operational parameters. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 7, 103476 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"24248_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.01.018","volume":"362","author":"J Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen, J. et al. Preferential production of reactive species and bactericidal efficacy of gas-liquid plasma discharge. Chem. Eng. J. 362, 402\u2013412 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"24248_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.03.057","volume":"222","author":"ALV Cubas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cubas, A. L. V. et al. Effect of chemical species generated by different geometries of air and argon non-thermal plasma reactors on bacteria inactivation in water. Sep. Purif. Technol. 222, 68\u201374 (2019).","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"24248_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.08.017","volume":"376","author":"T Laoui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laoui, T. et al. Novel anti-microbial membrane for desalination pretreatment: A silver nanoparticle-doped carbon nanotube membrane. Desalination 376, 82\u201393 (2015).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"24248_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parameswarreddy, G., Pavan, K. S., & Skariah, E. N. et\u00a0al. Design and development of a portable high voltage variable pulsed power source using flyback converter and rotary spark gap from a 12v battery, in 2021 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC), 1\u20136 (IEEE, 2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEC51183.2021.9384909"},{"key":"24248_CR24","unstructured":"Joozer, R. Effects of water borne disease in health and its prevention (2019), accessed 09 May 2022. https:\/\/www.narayanahealth.org\/blog\/effects-of-water-borne-disease-in-health-and-its-prevention."},{"key":"24248_CR25","unstructured":"WHO. Effects of water borne disease in health and its prevention (2019), accessed 19 May 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/drinking-water."},{"key":"24248_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2016.216","volume":"14","author":"Z Rashmei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rashmei, Z., Bornasi, H. & Ghoranneviss, M. Evaluation of treatment and disinfection of water using cold atmospheric plasma. J. Water Health 14, 609\u2013616 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"24248_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11980","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA26941E","volume":"6","author":"RK Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh, R. K., Philip, L. & Ramanujam, S. Disinfection of water by pulsed power technique: a mechanistic perspective. RSC Adv. 6, 11980\u201311990 (2016).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"24248_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-020-10076-0","volume":"40","author":"M El Shaer","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Shaer, M. et al. Antibiotics degradation and bacteria inactivation in water by cold atmospheric plasma discharges above and below water surface. Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 40, 971\u2013983 (2020).","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"24248_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2017.1321969","volume":"32","author":"I Hwang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hwang, I., Jeong, J., You, T. & Jung, J. Water electrode plasma discharge to enhance the bacterial inactivation in water. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 32, 530\u2013534 (2018).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"24248_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103891","volume":"8","author":"P Murugesan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murugesan, P., Moses, J. & Anandharamakrishnan, C. Performance of an atmospheric plasma discharge reactor for inactivation of enterocococcus faecalis and escherichia coli in aqueous media. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8, 103891 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"24248_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.03.057","volume":"222","author":"ALV Cubas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cubas, A. L. V. et al. Effect of chemical species generated by different geometries of air and argon non-thermal plasma reactors on bacteria inactivation in water. Sep. Purif. Technol. 222, 68\u201374 (2019).","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"24248_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.342","volume":"640","author":"L Chandana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chandana, L., Sangeetha, C., Shashidhar, T. & Subrahmanyam, C. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet for the bacterial inactivation in an aqueous medium. Sci. Total Environ. 640, 493\u2013500 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"24248_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2014.08.018","volume":"103","author":"E Dolezalova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dolezalova, E. & Lukes, P. Membrane damage and active but nonculturable state in liquid cultures of Escherichia coli treated with an atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Bioelectrochemistry 103, 7\u201314 (2015).","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-24248-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-24248-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-24248-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T20:14:12Z","timestamp":1669580052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-24248-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["24248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-24248-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20380"}}