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A potential solution is to apply more efficient stimulation to ensure that each participant receives sufficient cortical activation. In this four-part study, we used electric field (E-field) modeling to systematically investigate the cortical effects of conventional and novel tDCS electrode montages, with the goal of creating a new easily adoptable form of tDCS that induces higher and more focal E-fields. We computed 3000 anatomically accurate, MRI-based E-field models using 2\u00a0mA tDCS to target the left primary motor cortex in 200 Human Connectome Project (HCP) participants and tested the effects of: 1. Novel Electrode Position, 2. Electrode Size, and 3. Inter-Electrode Distance on E-field magnitude and focality. In particular, we examined the effects of placing electrodes surrounding the corticomotor target in the anterior and posterior direction (anterior posterior pad surround tDCS; APPS-tDCS). We found that electrode position, electrode size, and inter-electrode distance all significantly impact the cortical E-field magnitude and focality of stimulation (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). At the same 2\u00a0mA scalp stimulation intensity, APPS-tDCS with smaller than conventional 1\u2009\u00d7\u20091\u00a0cm electrodes surrounding the neural target deliver more than double the on-target cortical E-field (APPS-tDCS: average of 0.55\u00a0V\/m from 2\u00a0mA; M1-SO and bilateral M1: both 0.27\u00a0V\/m from 2\u00a0mA) while stimulating only a fraction of the off-target brain regions; 2\u00a0mA optimized APPS-tDCS produces 4.08\u00a0mA-like cortical E-fields. In sum, this new optimized APPS-tDCS method produces much stronger cortical stimulation intensities at the same 2\u00a0mA scalp intensity. APPS-tDCS also more focally stimulates the cortex at the intended target, using simple EEG coordinate locations and without MRI scans. This APPS-tDCS method is adoptable to any existing, commercially available tDCS device and can be used to ensure sufficient cortical activation in each person. Future directions include testing whether APPS-tDCS produces larger and more consistent therapeutic tDCS effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24618-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T05:17:34Z","timestamp":1669180654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Optimized APPS-tDCS electrode position, size, and distance doubles the on-target stimulation magnitude in 3000 electric field models"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Caulfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"24618_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. 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