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However, these imaging techniques have so far not been applied to analyze the <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> infection model. This study utilizes for the first time the strength of multimodal imaging techniques to explore infection-related changes in the <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae due to massive <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> bacterial infection. Multimodal imaging techniques such as fluorescent lifetime imaging (FLIM), coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), and second harmonic generation (SHG) were implemented in conjunction with histological HE images to analyze infection-associated tissue damage. The changes in the larvae in response to the infection, such as melanization, vacuolization, nodule formation, and hemocyte infiltration as a defense mechanism of insects against microbial pathogens, were visualized after <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> was administered. Furthermore, multimodal imaging served for the analysis of implant-associated biofilm infections by visualizing biofilm adherence on medical stainless steel and ePTFE implants within the larvae. Our results suggest that infection-related changes as well as the integrity of the tissue of <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae can be studied with high morphological and chemical contrast in a label-free manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24846-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T20:23:00Z","timestamp":1669580580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Label-free multimodal imaging of infected Galleria mellonella larvae"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elsie","family":"Quansah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Ramoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Thieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Mirza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Goering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Makarewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Heutelbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Meyer-Zedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias W.","family":"Pletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Popp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"24846_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.010","volume":"25","author":"IC Gyssens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gyssens, I. 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