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Significant amounts of astigmatism are frequently observed in infants and have been associated with myopia development. Although it is well established that both myopia and astigmatism are associated with ocular structural changes from anterior to posterior segments, very little is known on how these refractive errors alter retinal functions. This study investigated the effects of experimentally induced myopia and myopic-astigmatism on retinal electrophysiology by using an image-guided, multifocal global flash stimulation in chickens, a widely used animal model for refractive error development. Myopia and myopic-astigmatism were experimentally induced, respectively, by wearing spherical (\u2212\u00a010\u00a0D, n\u2009=\u200912) and sphero-cylindrical lenses (\u2212\u00a06.00\u00a0DS\/\u2212\u00a08.00\u00a0DCx90: <jats:underline>H<\/jats:underline>yperopic <jats:underline>W<\/jats:underline>ith-<jats:underline>T<\/jats:underline>he <jats:underline>R<\/jats:underline>ule, H-WTR, n\u2009=\u200915; \u2212\u00a06.00\u00a0DS\/\u2212\u00a08.00\u00a0DCx180: <jats:underline>H<\/jats:underline>yperopic <jats:underline>A<\/jats:underline>gainst-<jats:underline>T<\/jats:underline>he-<jats:underline>R<\/jats:underline>ule, H-ATR, n\u2009=\u200911) monocularly for a week (post-hatching day 5 to 12). An aged-matched control group without any lens treatment provided normal data (n\u2009=\u200912). Multifocal electrophysiological results revealed significant regional variation in the amplitude of induced component (IC) (central greater than peripheral; both p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in the normal and H-ATR groups, but not in the \u2013\u00a010\u00a0D and H-WTR groups. Most importantly, for the first time, our results showed that both H-WTR and H-ATR groups exhibited a significantly longer implicit time of the inner retinal response at the central region when compared to the normal and \u2013\u00a010\u00a0D groups, highlighting a significant role of astigmatism in retinal physiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25075-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T15:04:04Z","timestamp":1670425444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Experimentally induced myopia and myopic astigmatism alter retinal electrophysiology in chickens"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sonal Aswin","family":"Vyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamunadevi","family":"Lakshmanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry Ho-lung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsz-wing","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chea-su","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"25075_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","volume":"96","author":"D Pascolini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pascolini, D. & Mariotti, S. 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