{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T11:27:29Z","timestamp":1771586849292,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Avy L. and Robert L. Miller Foundation; Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH105461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH105461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insight impairment contributes significantly to morbidity in psychiatric disorders. The neurologic concept of anosognosia, reflecting deficits in metacognitive awareness of illness, is increasingly understood as relevant to psychopathology, but has been little explored in psychiatric disorders other than schizophrenia. We explored anosognosia as an aspect of insight impairment in<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200971 individuals with DSM-5 hoarding disorder. We used a standardized clutter severity measure to assess whether individuals with hoarding disorder underreport home clutter levels relative to independent examiners. We then explored whether underreporting, as a proxy for anosognosia, is predicted by clinical or neurocognitive behavioral measures. We found that individuals with hoarding disorder underreport their clutter, and that underreporting is predicted by objective severity of clutter. In an<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200953 subset of participants, we found that underreporting is predicted by altered performance on tests of cognitive control and inhibition, specifically Go\/No-Go and Stroop tests. The relation of underreporting to objective clutter, the cardinal symptom of hoarding disorder, suggests that anosognosia may reflect core pathophysiology of the disorder. The neurocognitive predictors of clutter underreporting suggest that anosognosia in hoarding disorder shares a neural basis with metacognitive awareness deficits in other neuropsychiatric disorders and that executive anosognosia may be a transdiagnostic manifestation of psychopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25532-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T11:03:43Z","timestamp":1671188623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anosognosia in hoarding disorder is predicted by alterations in cognitive and inhibitory control"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"van Roessel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Marzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea D.","family":"Varias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavithra","family":"Mukunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sepehr","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanyang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Booil","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7420-4784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Gunaydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9987-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leanne M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn I.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"25532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.6.798","volume":"156","author":"AS David","year":"1990","unstructured":"David, A. S. Insight and psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 156, 798\u2013808 (1990).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.6.873","volume":"150","author":"XF Amador","year":"1993","unstructured":"Amador, X. F. et al. Assessment of insight in psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 150, 873\u2013879 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198525684.003.0018","volume-title":"Insight and Psychosis: Awareness of Illness in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders","author":"AS David","year":"2004","unstructured":"David, A. S. The clinical importance of insight: An overview. In Insight and Psychosis: Awareness of Illness in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders 2nd edn (eds Amador, X. F. & David, A. S.) 359\u2013392 (Oxford University Press, 2004).","edition":"2"},{"key":"25532_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000083","volume":"24","author":"P Landi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Landi, P., Marazziti, D., Rutigliano, G. & Dell\u2019Osso, L. Insight in psychiatry and neurology: State of the art, and hypotheses. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry. 24, 214\u2013228 (2016).","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17080847","volume":"175","author":"S Jennissen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jennissen, S., Huber, J., Ehrenthal, J. C., Schauenburg, H. & Dinger, U. Association between insight and outcome of psychotherapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 175, 961\u2013969 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2684","volume":"72","author":"AR Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams, A. R., Olfson, M. & Galanter, M. Assessing and improving clinical insight among patients \u201cin denial\u201d. JAMA Psychiat. 72, 303 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"25532_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langer, K. G., Levine, D. N., Babinski, J. (1914) Contribution to the study of the mental disorders in hemiplegia of organic cerebral origin (anosognosia). Translated by Langer, K. G. & Levine, D. N. Cortex. 61, 5\u20138 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.04.019"},{"key":"25532_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000494954","volume-title":"History of Neuropsychology","author":"G Gainotti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gainotti, G. History of Anosognosia. In History of Neuropsychology (eds Bogousslavsky, J. et al.) 75\u201382 (S. Karger AG, 2019)"},{"key":"25532_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70131-X","volume":"40","author":"L Pia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pia, L., Neppi-Modona, M., Ricci, R. & Berti, A. The anatomy of anosognosia for hemiplegia: A meta-analysis. Cortex 40, 367\u2013377 (2004).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"25532_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7134","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1590-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"H-O Karnath","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karnath, H.-O. Awareness of the functioning of one\u2019s own limbs mediated by the insular cortex?. J. Neurosci. 25, 7134\u20137138 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"25532_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm106","volume":"130","author":"MD Orfei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Orfei, M. D. et al. Anosognosia for hemiplegia after stroke is a multifaceted phenomenon: A systematic review of the literature. Brain 130, 3075\u20133090 (2007).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"25532_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.07.001","volume":"83","author":"V Moro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moro, V. et al. Motor versus body awareness: Voxel-based lesion analysis in anosognosia for hemiplegia and somatoparaphrenia following right hemisphere stroke. Cortex 83, 62\u201377 (2016).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"25532_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24904","volume":"99","author":"L Lattanzio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lattanzio, L., Seames, A., Holden, S. K. & Buard, I. The emergent relationship between temporoparietal junction and anosognosia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 99, 2091\u20132096 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"25532_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2006.01576.x","volume":"60","author":"L Pia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pia, L. & Tamietto, M. Unawareness in schizophrenia: Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical findings. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 60, 531\u2013537 (2006).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"25532_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.006","volume":"86","author":"MU Shad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shad, M. U., Tamminga, C. A., Cullum, M., Haas, G. L. & Keshavan, M. S. Insight and frontal cortical function in schizophrenia: A review. Schizophr. Res. 86, 54\u201370 (2006).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"25532_CR16","first-page":"10","volume":"11","author":"DS Lehrer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lehrer, D. S. & Lorenz, J. Anosognosia in schizophrenia: hidden in plain sight. Innov. Clin. Neurosci. 11, 10\u201317 (2014).","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"25532_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.189.3.204","volume":"189","author":"A Aleman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aleman, A., Agrawal, N., Morgan, K. D. & David, A. S. Insight in psychosis and neuropsychological function: Meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 189, 204\u2013212 (2006).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00014","volume":"7","author":"TA Klein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klein, T. A., Ullsperger, M. & Danielmeier, C. Error awareness and the insula: Links to neurological and psychiatric diseases. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7, 14 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"25532_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2833","volume":"71","author":"SJ Moeller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moeller, S. J. et al. Functional, structural, and emotional correlates of impaired insight in cocaine addiction. JAMA Psychiat. 71, 61 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"25532_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.04.002","volume":"15","author":"J Fan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fan, J. et al. Resting-state functional connectivity between right anterior insula and right orbital frontal cortex correlate with insight level in obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroImage Clin. 15, 1\u20137 (2017).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"25532_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0002","volume":"367","author":"AS David","year":"2012","unstructured":"David, A. S., Bedford, N., Wiffen, B. & Gilleen, J. Failures of metacognition and lack of insight in neuropsychiatric disorders. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 367, 1379\u20131390 (2012).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"25532_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0734-1","volume":"17","author":"P Sunderaraman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sunderaraman, P. & Cosentino, S. Integrating the constructs of anosognosia and metacognition: A review of recent findings in dementia. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 17, 27 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"25532_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/13607869856876","volume":"2","author":"SK Agnew","year":"1998","unstructured":"Agnew, S. K. & Morris, R. G. The heterogeneity of anosognosia for memory impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review of the literature and a proposed model. Aging Ment. Health. 2, 7\u201319 (1998).","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health."},{"key":"25532_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.09.006","volume":"49","author":"RG Morris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morris, R. G. & Mograbi, D. C. Anosognosia, autobiographical memory and self knowledge in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cortex 49, 1553\u20131565 (2013).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"25532_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. In\u00a0Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn\u00a0(American Psychiatric Association,\u00a02013).","edition":"5"},{"key":"25532_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2009.07.004","volume":"17","author":"RO Frost","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F. & Maltby, N. Insight-related challenges in the treatment of hoarding. Cogn. Behav. Pract. 17, 404\u2013413 (2010).","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Pract."},{"key":"25532_CR27","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Hoarding and Acquiring","author":"BL Worden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Worden, B. L., Di Loreto, J. & Tolin, D. F. Insight and Motivation. In The Oxford Handbook of Hoarding and Acquiring (eds Frost, R. O. & Steketee, G.) (Oxford University Press, 2014)"},{"key":"25532_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.1.102","volume":"155","author":"JL Eisen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eisen, J. L. et al. The brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155, 102\u2013108 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001560","volume":"43","author":"D Mataix-Cols","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mataix-Cols, D., Billotti, D., de la Cruz, L. F. & Nordsletten, A. E. The London field trial for hoarding disorder. Psychol. Med. 43, 837\u2013847 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"25532_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900000092","volume":"15","author":"H Matsunaga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matsunaga, H., Hayashida, K., Kiriike, N., Nagata, T. & Stein, D. J. Clinical features and treatment characteristics of compulsive hoarding in Japanese patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 15, 258\u2013266 (2010).","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"25532_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-008-9217-7","volume":"34","author":"DF Tolin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tolin, D. F., Fitch, K. E., Frost, R. O. & Steketee, G. Family informants\u2019 perceptions of insight in compulsive hoarding. Cogn. Ther. Res. 34, 69\u201381 (2010).","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"25532_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/26.3.176","volume":"26","author":"H-J Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim, H.-J., Steketee, G. & Frost, R. O. Hoarding by elderly people. Health Soc. Work. 26, 176\u2013184 (2001).","journal-title":"Health Soc. Work."},{"key":"25532_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0573-y","volume":"255","author":"D De Berardis","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Berardis, D. et al. Insight and alexithymia in adult outpatients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 255, 350\u2013358 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"25532_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.30798","volume":"43","author":"H Matsunaga","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matsunaga, H. et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder with poor insight. Compr. Psychiatry. 43, 150\u2013157 (2002).","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.05.008","volume":"45","author":"JF Samuels","year":"2007","unstructured":"Samuels, J. F. et al. Hoarding in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: Results from the OCD collaborative genetics study. Behav. Res. Ther. 45, 673\u2013686 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"25532_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2003.12.005","volume":"19","author":"V Ravi Kishore","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ravi Kishore, V., Samar, R., Janardhan Reddy, Y. C., Chandrasekhar, C. R. & Thennarasu, K. Clinical characteristics and treatment response in poor and good insight obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Eur. Psychiatry. 19, 202\u2013208 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.05.012","volume":"35","author":"E Jakubovski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jakubovski, E. et al. Dimensional correlates of poor insight in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 35, 1677\u20131681 (2011).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.03.005","volume":"46","author":"AR Torres","year":"2012","unstructured":"Torres, A. R. et al. Clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder with hoarding symptoms: A multicenter study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 46, 724\u2013732 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"25532_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.12.008","volume":"45","author":"JR Grisham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grisham, J. R., Brown, T. A., Savage, C. R., Steketee, G. & Barlow, D. H. Neuropsychological impairment associated with compulsive hoarding. Behav. Res. Ther. 45, 1471\u20131483 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"25532_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.05.011","volume":"48","author":"JR Grisham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grisham, J. R., Norberg, M. M., Williams, A. D., Certoma, S. P. & Kadib, R. Categorization and cognitive deficits in compulsive hoarding. Behav. Res. Ther. 48, 866\u2013872 (2010).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"25532_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465812000835","volume":"41","author":"SG McMillan","year":"2013","unstructured":"McMillan, S. G., Rees, C. S. & Pestell, C. An investigation of executive functioning, attention and working memory in compulsive hoarding. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 41, 610\u2013625 (2013).","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"25532_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3940","volume":"28","author":"CR Ayers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ayers, C. R. et al. Executive functioning in older adults with hoarding disorder. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 28, 1175\u20131181 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.04.002","volume":"34","author":"SR Woody","year":"2014","unstructured":"Woody, S. R., Kellman-McFarlane, K. & Welsted, A. Review of cognitive performance in hoarding disorder. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 34, 324\u2013336 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"25532_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.06.022","volume":"189","author":"DF Tolin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tolin, D. F., Villavicencio, A., Umbach, A. & Kurtz, M. M. Neuropsychological functioning in hoarding disorder. Psychiatry Res. 189, 413\u2013418 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"25532_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1980","volume":"69","author":"DF Tolin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tolin, D. F. et al. Neural mechanisms of decision making in hoarding disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 69, 832 (2012).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.11.009","volume":"221","author":"DF Tolin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tolin, D. F., Witt, S. T. & Stevens, M. C. Hoarding disorder and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder show different patterns of neural activity during response inhibition. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 221, 142\u2013148 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"25532_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001889","volume":"46","author":"CA Mathews","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mathews, C. A. et al. Error-related brain activity dissociates hoarding disorder from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol. Med. 46, 367\u2013379 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"25532_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-007-9068-7","volume":"30","author":"RO Frost","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Tolin, D. F. & Renaud, S. Development and validation of the clutter image rating. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 30(3), 193\u2013203 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"25532_CR49","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5\u2014 Research Version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, Research Version; SCID-5-RV)","author":"M First","year":"2015","unstructured":"First, M., Williams, J., Karg, R. & Spitzer, R. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5\u2014 Research Version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, Research Version; SCID-5-RV) (American Psychiatric Association, 2015)."},{"key":"25532_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.006","volume":"42","author":"RO Frost","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frost, R. O., Steketee, G. & Grisham, J. Measurement of compulsive hoarding: Saving inventory-revised. Behav. Res. Ther. 42, 1163\u20131182 (2004).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"25532_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton, M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 23, 56\u201362 (1960).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214002403","volume":"27","author":"ME Dozier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dozier, M. E. & Ayers, C. R. Validation of the clutter image rating in older adults with hoarding disorder. Int. Psychogeriatr. 27, 769\u2013776 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"25532_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025428631552","volume":"27","author":"G Steketee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steketee, G., Frost, R. O. & Kyrios, M. Cognitive aspects of compulsive hoarding. Cogn. Ther. Res. 27, 463\u2013479 (2003).","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"25532_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20790","volume":"67","author":"RO Frost","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frost, R. O. & Hristova, V. Assessment of hoarding. J. Clin. Psychol. 67, 456\u2013466 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"25532_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1123.8375","volume":"24","author":"B Uttl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Uttl, B. North American adult reading test: Age norms, reliability, and validity. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 24, 1123\u20131137 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"25532_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield, R. C. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9, 97\u2013113 (1971).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"25532_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.15176.55042\/1","author":"SM Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams, S. M. A major revision of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory: The EHI-8. Neuropsychologia https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.15176.55042\/1 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"25532_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192989","volume":"39","author":"SM Silverstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Silverstein, S. M. et al. Development and validation of a World-Wide-Web-based neurocognitive assessment battery: WebNeuro. Behav. Res. Methods. 39, 940\u2013949 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods."},{"key":"25532_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450590957890","volume":"115","author":"RH Paul","year":"2005","unstructured":"Paul, R. H. et al. Preliminary validity of \u201cIntegneuro\u201d: A new computerized battery of neurocognitive tests. Int. J. Neurosci. 115, 1549\u20131567 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"25532_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802043619","volume":"31","author":"D Mathersul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mathersul, D. et al. Explicit identification and implicit recognition of facial emotions: II. Core domains and relationships with general cognition. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 31, 278\u2013291 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"25532_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802255635","volume":"31","author":"LM Williams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Williams, L. M. et al. Explicit identification and implicit recognition of facial emotions: I. Age effects in males and females across 10 decades. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 31, 257\u2013277 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"25532_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.007","volume":"252","author":"K Kellman-McFarlane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kellman-McFarlane, K. et al. Saving Inventory \u2013 Revised: Psychometric performance across the lifespan. J. Affect. Disord. 252, 358\u2013364 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"25532_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.08.001","volume":"25","author":"DF Tolin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tolin, D. F., Meunier, S. A., Frost, R. O. & Steketee, G. Hoarding among patients seeking treatment for anxiety disorders. J. Anxiety Disord. 25, 43\u201348 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"25532_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2013.01.002","volume":"2","author":"J DiMauro","year":"2013","unstructured":"DiMauro, J., Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O. & Steketee, G. Do people with hoarding disorder under-report their symptoms?. J. Obsessive-Compuls. Relat. Disord. 2, 130\u2013136 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Obsessive-Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"25532_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01845.x","volume":"126","author":"H Kashyap","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kashyap, H., Kumar, J. K., Kandavel, T. & Reddy, Y. C. J. Neuropsychological correlates of insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Neuropsychology of insight in OCD. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 126, 106\u2013114 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"1","key":"25532_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03227-w","volume":"21","author":"L Manarte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manarte, L. et al. Executive functions and insight in OCD: A comparative study. BMC Psychiatry 21(1), 1\u201311 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"25532_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01812","volume":"7","author":"E Bertrand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertrand, E., Landeira-Fernandez, J. & Mograbi, D. C. Metacognition and perspective-taking in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A mini-review. Front. Psychol.\u00a07, 1812 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"25532_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq066","volume":"133","author":"SJ Moeller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moeller, S. J. et al. Impaired insight in cocaine addiction: Laboratory evidence and effects on cocaine-seeking behaviour. Brain 133, 1484\u20131493 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"25532_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr020","volume":"134","author":"M Amanzio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amanzio, M. et al. Unawareness of deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Role of the cingulate cortex. Brain 134, 1061\u20131076 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"25532_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-019-09627-2","volume":"90","author":"E Camelo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Camelo, E. et al. Clinical and cognitive correlates of insight in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr. Q. 90, 385\u2013394 (2019).","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"25532_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.06.003","volume":"57","author":"L Kerwin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kerwin, L., Hovav, S., Hellemann, G. & Feusner, J. D. Impairment in local and global processing and set-shifting in body dysmorphic disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 57, 41\u201350 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"25532_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00301","volume":"9","author":"W Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Aberrant early visual neural activity and brain-behavior relationships in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci.\u00a09, 301\u00a0(2015).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"25532_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.07.031","volume":"165","author":"S Tumkaya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tumkaya, S. et al. Schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with poor insight: A neuropsychological comparison. Psychiatry Res. 165, 38\u201346 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"25532_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710002539","volume":"41","author":"G Konstantakopoulos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Konstantakopoulos, G., Tchanturia, K., Surguladze, S. A. & David, A. S. Insight in eating disorders: clinical and cognitive correlates. Psychol. Med. 41, 1951\u20131961 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"25532_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01110.x","volume":"117","author":"VV Dias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dias, V. V., Brissos, S. & Carita, A. I. Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of insight in patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 117, 28\u201334 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"25532_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00500","volume":"6","author":"MSA Graziano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Graziano, M. S. A. & Webb, T. W. The attention schema theory: A mechanistic account of subjective awareness. Front. Psychol. 6, 500 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"25532_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.11.010","volume":"85","author":"LJ Norman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norman, L. J. et al. Error processing and inhibitory control in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis using statistical parametric maps. Biol. Psychiatry. 85, 713\u2013725 (2019).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"25532_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13348","volume":"56","author":"A Riesel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riesel, A. The erring brain: Error-related negativity as an endophenotype for OCD-A review and meta-analysis. Psychophysiology 56, e13348 (2019).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"25532_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780199334940.001.0001","volume-title":"Treatment for Hoarding Disorder: Therapist Guide","author":"G Steketee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steketee, G. & Frost, R. O. Treatment for Hoarding Disorder: Therapist Guide 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, 2013).","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-25532-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-25532-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-25532-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T04:19:07Z","timestamp":1701577147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-25532-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["25532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-25532-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In the last 3 years, Dr. Rodriguez has served as a consultant for Biohaven Pharmaceuticals and received research grant support from Biohaven Pharmaceuticals and a stipend from APA Publishing for her role as Deputy Editor at The American Journal of Psychiatry. Dr. Williams has received fees for serving on the advisory board of One Mind Psyberguide. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21752"}}