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Our objective was to combine neurochemical and functional brain imaging methods to investigate glutamatergic dysfunction and reward processing in such individuals compared with those with treatment responsive schizophrenia, and healthy controls. 60 participants played a trust task, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging: 21 classified as having treatment-resistant schizophrenia, 21 patients with treatment-responsive schizophrenia, and 18 healthy controls. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was also acquired to measure glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex. Compared to controls, treatment responsive and treatment-resistant participants showed reduced investments during the trust task. For treatment-resistant individuals, glutamate levels in the anterior cingulate cortex were associated with signal decreases in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex when compared to those treatment-responsive, and with bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left parietal association cortex when compared to controls. Treatment-responsive participants showed significant signal decreases in the anterior caudate compared to the other two groups. Our results provide evidence that glutamatergic differences differentiate treatment resistant and responsive schizophrenia. The differentiation of cortical and sub-cortical reward learning substrates has potential diagnostic value. Future novel interventions might therapeutically target neurotransmitters affecting the cortical substrates of the reward network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26702-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T10:05:33Z","timestamp":1685700333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neuroimaging glutamatergic mechanisms differentiating antipsychotic treatment-response"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elias D.","family":"Mouchlianitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy D.","family":"Vanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek K.","family":"Tracy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne-Kathrin","family":"Fett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukhi S.","family":"Shergill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"26702_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.01.003","volume":"79","author":"S Kapur","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kapur, S., Mizrahi, R. & Li, M. 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