{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:54:48Z","timestamp":1786236888558,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020533","name":"Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020533","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In many low-mortality countries, life expectancy at birth increased steadily over the last century. In particular, both Italian females and males benefited from faster improvements in mortality compared to other high-income countries, especially from the 1960s, leading to an exceptional increase in life expectancy. However, Italy has not become the leader in longevity. Here, we investigate life expectancy trends in Italy during the period 1960\u20132015 for both sexes. Additionally, we contribute to the existing literature by complementing life expectancy with an indicator of dispersion in ages at death, also known as lifespan inequality. Lifespan inequality underlies heterogeneity over age in populating health improvements and is a marker of uncertainty in the timing of death. We further quantify the contributions of different age groups and causes of death to recent trends in life expectancy and lifespan inequality. Our findings highlight the contributions of cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms to the recent increase in life expectancy but not necessarily to the decrease in lifespan inequality. Our results also uncover a more recent challenge across Italy: worsening mortality from infectious diseases and mortality at older age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26907-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T06:02:47Z","timestamp":1672466567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of age-specific causes of death in the context of the Italian longevity transition"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Nigri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Aburto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugofilippo","family":"Basellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"26907_CR1","first-page":"509.38","volume":"49","author":"AR Orman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Orman, A. R. The epidemiological transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Mem. Fund. 49, 509.38 (1971).","journal-title":"Milbank Mem. Fund."},{"issue":"4","key":"26907_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.2307\/2137662","volume":"20","author":"V Kannisto","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kannisto, V., Lauritsen, J., Thatcher, A. R. & Vaupel, J. W. Reductions in mortality at advanced ages: Several decades of evidence from 27 countries. Popul. Dev. Rev. 20(4), 793\u2013810 (1994).","journal-title":"Popul. Dev. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"26907_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-210401","volume":"72","author":"DMM Hiam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hiam, D. M. M. & Harrison, D. D. L. Why is life expectancy in England and Wales stalling. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 72(5), 404\u2013408 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. 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Italy\u2019s health performance, 1990\u20132017: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet Public Health 4(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30189-6 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30189-6"},{"key":"26907_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Raalte, A., Sasson, I. & Martikainen, P. The case for monitoring life-span inequality. Science 362(6418) (2018).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau5811"},{"issue":"1","key":"26907_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-9637380","volume":"59","author":"MR Nepomuceno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nepomuceno, M. R., Cui, Q., van Raalte, A., Aburto, J. M. & Canudas-Romo, V. The cross-sectional average inequality in lifespan (cal): A lifespan variation measure that reflects the mortality histories of cohorts. Demography 59(1), 1002\u20131004 (2022).","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"26907_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaupel, J.\u00a0W., Zhang, Z. & van Raalte, A. Life expectancy and disparity: An international comparison of life table data. BMJ Open (2011).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000128"},{"issue":"3","key":"26907_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304878","volume":"109","author":"JM Aburto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aburto, J. M. & Beltr\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez, H. Upsurge of homicides and its impact on life expectancy and life span inequality in Mexico, 2005\u20132015. Am. J. Public Health 109(3), 483\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304878 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"26907_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10260-021-00584-4","author":"A Nigri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nigri, A., Barbi, E. & Levantesi, S. 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