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This study aimed to test the effect of hydration on the anatomical form of dry craniofacial bone specimens. Sixteen human dry skulls and 16 mandibles were scanned with an industrial scanner in dry conditions and after water embedding. Ten skulls were also embedded for different time periods (5 or 15\u00a0min). The subsequent 3D surface models were best-fit superimposed and compared by calculating mean absolute distances between them at various measurement areas. There was a significant, primarily enlargement effect of hydration on the anatomical form of dry skeletal specimens as detected after water embedding for a short time period. The effect was smaller in dry skulls (median 0.20\u00a0mm, IQR 0.17\u00a0mm) and larger in mandibles (median 0.56\u00a0mm, IQR 0.57\u00a0mm). The effect of different water embedding times was negligible. 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Halazonetis owns stock in dHAL Software, the company that markets Viewbox 4. Authors K. Dritsas, J. Probst, Y. Ren, C. Verna, C. Katsaros and N. Gkantidis, declare no competing interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22549"}}