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The present study aimed to assess whether the composition of gut microbiota in participants with episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM) was altered in comparison to that of the controls. This study was a cross-sectional, case\u2013control study. The gut microbiota were evaluated by the partial, targeted sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3\u2013V4 region. This study enrolled 42 and 45 participants with EM and CM, respectively, and 43 controls. Alpha and beta diversities revealed no significant difference among the three groups; however, the microbiota composition at the class, order, family, and genus levels differed significantly between EM and the control, CM and the control, and the EM and CM groups. Moreover, higher composition of\n                    <jats:italic>PAC000195_g<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly associated with a lower headache frequency among the five genera that exhibited significantly different microbiota composition in EM and CM.\n                    <jats:italic>Agathobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    revealed a significant negative association with severe headache intensity. The findings of the present study provide evidence of altered gut microbiota in EM and CM. These findings will help in understanding the course and treatment of migraine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27586-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T05:04:56Z","timestamp":1673499896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Altered gut microbiota in individuals with episodic and chronic migraine"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1225-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongeun","family":"Yong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakbae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7944-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Gyu","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4889-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyungnam","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Seok","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Kyung","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"27586_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604179","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604179","volume":"11","author":"A Rutsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rutsch, A., Kantsj\u00f6, J. 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He has received lecture honoraria from Eli Lilly and Company, Handok-Teva, and Ildong Pharmaceutical Company over the past 36\u00a0months. He received grants from Yonsei University College of Medicine (6\u20132021-0229), the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI) (HV22CO106) and National Research Foundation of Korea (2022R1A2C1091767). Author HSO is employed by CJ Bioscience Inc. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"626"}}