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However, the contribution of eDNA to antibiotic resistance by\n                    <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains unclear. In this study, we first demonstrated in vitro that DNase I with the administration of ceftazidime (CAZ) at 24\u00a0h considerably inhibited the 2-day biofilm formation and reduced the number of viable biofilm cells of clinical\n                    <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates compared to biofilm treated with CAZ alone. A 3\u20134 log reduction in numbers of viable cells embedded in the 2-day biofilm was observed when CAZ was combined with DNase I. Confocal laser-scanning microscope visualization emphasized the competence of DNase I followed by CAZ supplementation to significantly limit\n                    <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm development and to eradicate viable embedded\n                    <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm cells. Furthermore, DNase I supplemented with chitosan (CS) linked with CAZ (CS\/CAZ) significantly eradicated shedding planktonic and biofilm cells. These findings indicated that DNase I effectively degraded eDNA leading to biofilm inhibition and dispersion, subsequently allowing CAZ and CS\/CAZ to eradicate both shedding planktonic and embedded biofilm cells. These findings provide efficient strategies to interrupt biofilm formation and improve antibiotic susceptibility of biofilm-associated infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27790-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T08:05:40Z","timestamp":1674115540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["DNase I and chitosan enhance efficacy of ceftazidime to eradicate Burkholderia pseudomallei biofilm cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rattiyaphorn","family":"Pakkulnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuttaya","family":"Thonglao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorujsiri","family":"Chareonsudjai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"27790_CR1","first-page":"262","volume":"47","author":"A Whitmore","year":"1912","unstructured":"Whitmore, A. & Krishnaswami, C. 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