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In CLBP, neuroimaging studies demonstrate abnormal activities in cortical areas responsible for pain modulation, emotional, and sensory components of pain experience [i.e., pregenual and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC, dACC), and somatosensory cortex (SSC), respectively]. This pilot study, conducted in a university setting, evaluated the feasibility, safety, and acceptability of a novel electroencephalography-based infraslow-neurofeedback (EEG ISF-NF) technique for retraining activities in pgACC, dACC and SSC and explored its effects on pain and disability. Participants with CLBP (n\u2009=\u200960), recruited between July\u201920 to March\u201921, received 12 sessions of either: ISF-NF targeting pgACC, dACC\u2009+\u2009SSC, a ratio of pgACC*2\/dACC\u2009+\u2009SSC, or Placebo-NF. Descriptive statistics demonstrated that ISF-NF training is feasible [recruitment rate (7 participants\/month), dropouts (25%; 20\u201327%), and adherence (80%; 73\u201388%)], safe (no adverse events reported), and was moderate to highly acceptable [Mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: 7.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0 (pgACC), 7.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7 (dACC\u2009+\u2009SCC), 8.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9 (Ratio), and 7.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 (Placebo)]. ISF-NF targeting pgACC demonstrated the most favourable clinical outcomes, with a higher proportion of participants exhibiting a clinically meaningful reduction in pain severity [53%; MD (95% CI): \u2212\u20091.9 (\u2212\u20092.7, \u2212\u20091.0)], interference [80%; MD (95% CI): \u2212\u20092.3 (\u2212\u20093.5, \u2212\u20091.2)], and disability [73%; MD (95% CI): \u2212\u20094.5 (\u2212\u20096.1, \u2212\u20092.9)] at 1-month follow-up. ISF-NF training is a feasible, safe, and an\u00a0acceptable treatment approach for CLBP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28344-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T17:07:25Z","timestamp":1674234445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Exploring electroencephalographic infraslow neurofeedback treatment for chronic low back pain: a double-blinded safety and feasibility randomized placebo-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Divya Bharatkumar","family":"Adhia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramakrishnan","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerin","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finella","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Vanneste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"De Ridder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"28344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30725-6","volume":"391","author":"S Clark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clark, S. & Horton, R. 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