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In the current retrospective study, we assessed the maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women having free \u03b2HCG MoM levels\u2009&lt;\u20090.2 or\u2009&gt;\u20095 in their first trimester screening (FTS). Relative risk of trisomy 21 was significantly higher in patients having free \u03b2HCG MoM\u2009&gt;\u20095. On the other hand, relative risk of trisomies 13 and 18 and Turner syndrome were higher in those having free \u03b2HCG MoM\u2009&lt;\u20090.2. Other chromosomal abnormalities were nearly equally detected between those having free \u03b2HCG MoM\u2009&lt;\u20090.2 or\u2009&gt;\u20095. Relative risk of hydrocephaly and hydrops fetalis was higher when free \u03b2HCG MoM was below 0.2. On the other hand, relative risk of low birth weight was higher when free \u03b2HCG MoM was above 5. Moreover, frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, preterm delivery and vaginal bleeding increased with levels of free \u03b2HCG MoM. However, polyhydramnios had the opposite trend. Frequencies of premature rupture of membranes and pregnancy induced hypertension were highest among pregnant women having levels of free \u03b2HCG MoM\u2009&lt;\u20090.2. The current study indicates importance of free \u03b2HCG MoM in identification of at-risk pregnancies in terms of both fetal and maternal outcomes. In fact, \u03b2HCG MoM\u2009&lt;\u20090.2 or\u2009&gt;\u20095 can be regarded as risk factors for adverse maternal or fetal outcomes irrespective of the presence of other abnormalities in the FTS results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28561-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T17:02:48Z","timestamp":1674320568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Extreme \u03b2HCG levels in first trimester screening are risk factors for adverse maternal and fetal outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarang","family":"Younesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laleh","family":"Eslamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikta","family":"Khalafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahdi","family":"Taheri Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pourandokht","family":"Saadati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soudabeh","family":"Jamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payam","family":"Balvayeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad-Hossein","family":"Modarressi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Savad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saloomeh","family":"Amidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Delshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Navidpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Aasdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Chagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalda","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vajiheh","family":"Marsoosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soudeh","family":"Ghafouri-Fard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"28561_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15307.x","volume":"100","author":"N Wald","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wald, N., Densem, J., Stone, R. & Cheng, R. 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