{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:14:16Z","timestamp":1793110456842,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003472","name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Interdisciplinary Research Foundation of HIT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Interdisciplinary Research Foundation of HIT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003472","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003472","name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Interdisciplinary Research Foundation of HIT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Interdisciplinary Research Foundation of HIT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003472","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The uvula flapping is one of the most distinctive features of snoring and is critical in affecting airway aerodynamics and vibrations. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of pharyngeal vibration and pressure fluctuation due to uvula flapping employing fluid\u2013structure interaction simulations. The followings are the methodology part: we constructed an anatomically accurate pediatric pharynx model and put attention on the oropharynx region where the greatest level of upper airway compliance was reported to occur. The uvula was assumed to be a rigid body with specific flapping frequencies to guarantee proper boundary conditions with as little complexity as possible. The airway tissue was considered to have a uniform thickness. It was found that the flapping frequency had a more significant effect on the airway vibration than the flapping amplitude, as the flapping uvula influenced the pharyngeal aerodynamics by altering the jet flow from the mouth. Breathing only through the mouth could amplify the effect of flapping uvula on aerodynamic changes and result in more significant oropharynx vibration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28994-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T11:04:43Z","timestamp":1675422283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Computational fluid\u2013structure interaction analysis of flapping uvula on aerodynamics and pharyngeal vibration in a pediatric airway"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xie-Qi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"28994_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.3.360","volume":"68","author":"NJ Ali","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ali, N. J., Pitson, D. J. & Stradling, J. R. Snoring, sleep disturbance, and behaviour in 4\u20135 year olds. Arch. Dis. Child. 68, 360\u2013366 (1993).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"28994_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390150089017","volume":"150","author":"WW Schmidt-Nowara","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schmidt-Nowara, W. W. Snoring in a Hispanic-American population. Risk factors and association with hypertension and other morbidity. Arch. Intern. Med. 150, 597\u2013601 (1990).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"28994_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a08d6a","volume":"81","author":"P Kavcic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kavcic, P., Koren, A., Koritnik, B. & Dolenc Groselj, L. Sleep apnea and snoring. Neurology 81, 691\u2013691 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"28994_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2018.03.006","volume":"39","author":"JA Patel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patel, J. A. et al. Neuromuscular function of the soft palate and uvula in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 39, 327\u2013337 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"28994_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200207000-00021","volume":"112","author":"J Wedman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wedman, J. & Miljeteig, H. Treatment of simple snoring using radio waves for ablation of uvula and soft palate: A day-case surgery procedure. Laryngoscope 112, 1256\u20131259 (2002).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"28994_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.11.034","volume":"134","author":"S Nordg\u00e5rd","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nordg\u00e5rd, S., Stene, B. K. & Skj\u00f8stad, K. W. Soft palate implants for the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol. Neck Surgery 134, 565\u2013570 (2006).","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surgery"},{"key":"28994_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2271020198","volume":"227","author":"LF Donnelly","year":"2003","unstructured":"Donnelly, L. F. et al. Upper airway motion depicted at cine MR imaging performed during sleep: Comparison between young patients with and those without obstructive sleep apnea. Radiology 227, 239\u2013245 (2003).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"28994_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-4131-1","volume":"273","author":"L-K Huon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huon, L.-K. et al. Dynamic upper airway collapse observed from sleep MRI: BMI-matched severe and mild OSA patients. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 273, 4021\u20134026 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"28994_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.110200","volume":"118","author":"O Bafkar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bafkar, O. et al. Effect of inhalation on oropharynx collapse via flow visualisation. J. Biomech. 118, 110200 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"28994_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.08.027","volume":"153","author":"KK Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang, K. K., Kim, K. B., McQuilling, M. W. & Movahed, R. Fluid structure interaction simulations of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea patients before and after maxillomandibular advancement surgery. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 153, 895\u2013904 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"28994_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-013-4448-6","volume":"56","author":"R Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, R., Li, X. & Rong, Q. Control mechanism for the upper airway collapse in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A finite element study. Sci. China Life Sci. 56, 366\u2013372 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"28994_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.08.010","volume":"46","author":"M Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Barber, T., Cistulli, P. A., Sutherland, K. & Rosengarten, G. Simulation of upper airway occlusion without and with mandibular advancement in obstructive sleep apnea using fluid-structure interaction. J. Biomech. 46, 2586\u20132592 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"28994_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278970","volume":"598","author":"MJ Brennick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brennick, M. J. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging provides insight into upper airway mechanics in obstructive sleep apnoea. J. Physiol. 598, 431\u2013432 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"28994_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.896","volume":"128","author":"I Fajdiga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fajdiga, I. Snoring imaging. Chest 128, 896\u2013901 (2005).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"28994_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10409-007-0083-4","volume":"23","author":"X Sun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sun, X., Yu, C., Wang, Y. & Liu, Y. Numerical simulation of soft palate movement and airflow in human upper airway by fluid-structure interaction method. Acta Mech. Sin. 23(4), 359\u2013367 (2007).","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Sin."},{"key":"28994_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.027","volume":"45","author":"JH Zhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhu, J. H. et al. Passive movement of human soft palate during respiration: A simulation of 3D fluid\/structure interaction. J. Biomech. 45, 1992\u20132000 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"28994_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.1486","volume":"28","author":"Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Fluid-structure interaction modeling of upper airways before and after nasal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: FSI modeling of upper airways. Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng. 28, 528\u2013546 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"28994_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.08.017","volume":"48","author":"J Pirnar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pirnar, J., Dolenc-Gro\u0161elj, L., Fajdiga, I. & \u017dun, I. Computational fluid-structure interaction simulation of airflow in the human upper airway. J. Biomech. 48, 3685\u20133691 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"28994_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1999.00229.x","volume":"24","author":"JE Osborne","year":"1999","unstructured":"Osborne, J. E., Osman, E. Z., Hill, P. D., Lee, B. V. & Sparkes, C. A new acoustic method of differentiating palatal from non-palatal snoring. Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci. 24, 130\u2013133 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci."},{"key":"28994_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.07.014","volume":"94","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Computational analysis of a flapping uvula on aerodynamics and pharyngeal wall collapsibility in sleep apnea. J. Biomech. 94, 88\u201398 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"28994_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.20965\/jaciii.2013.p0611","volume":"17","author":"T Mikami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mikami, T. et al. Spectral classification of oral and nasal snoring sounds using a support vector machine. J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Inform. 17, 611\u2013621 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Inform."},{"key":"28994_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3876","volume":"27","author":"EK Meen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meen, E. K. & Chandra, R. K. The role of the nose in sleep-disordered breathing. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 27, 213\u2013220 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"28994_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231262","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231262","volume":"15","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suzuki, M. & Tanuma, T. The effect of nasal and oral breathing on airway collapsibility in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Computational fluid dynamics analyses. PLoS ONE 15, e0231262 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"28994_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(81)90089-X","volume":"43","author":"V Niinimaa","year":"1981","unstructured":"Niinimaa, V., Cole, P. & Shephard, R. J. Oronasal distribution of respiratory airflow. Respir. Physiol. 43, 69\u201375 (1981).","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"28994_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2005.05.005","volume":"20","author":"TS Balint","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balint, T. S. & Lucey, A. D. Instability of a cantilevered flexible plate in viscous channel flow. J. Fluids Struct. 20, 893\u2013912 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"28994_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200010000-00020","volume":"110","author":"R Cartwright","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cartwright, R., Venkatesan, T. K., Caldarelli, D. & Diaz, F. Treatments for snoring: A comparison of somnoplasty and an oral appliance. Laryngoscope 110, 1680\u20131683 (2000).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"28994_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2017.02.045","volume":"396","author":"J Cisonni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cisonni, J., Lucey, A. D., Elliott, N. S. J. & Heil, M. The stability of a flexible cantilever in viscous channel flow. J. Sound Vib. 396, 186\u2013202 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"28994_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2008.12.020","volume":"323","author":"L Tang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tang, L., Pa\u00efdoussis, M. P. & Jiang, J. The dynamics of variants of two-dimensional cantilevered flexible plates in axial flow. J. Sound Vib. 323, 214\u2013231 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"28994_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1399-z","volume":"53","author":"J Cisonni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cisonni, J. et al. Numerical simulation of pharyngeal airflow applied to obstructive sleep apnea: effect of the nasal cavity in anatomically accurate airway models. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 53, 1129\u20131139 (2015).","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"28994_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23005","volume":"51","author":"JS Kimbell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kimbell, J. S. et al. Upper airway reconstruction using long-range optical coherence tomography: Effects of airway curvature on airflow resistance: Neck curvature effects in LR-OCT imaging. Lasers Surgery Med. 51, 150\u2013160 (2019).","journal-title":"Lasers Surgery Med."},{"key":"28994_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.06.021","volume":"39","author":"C Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu, C. et al. Computational fluid dynamics modeling of the upper airway of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in steady flow. J. Biomech. 39, 2043\u20132054 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"28994_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.03.022","volume":"40","author":"ZS Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu, Z. S., Luo, X. Y., Lee, H. P. & Lu, C. Snoring source identification and snoring noise prediction. J. Biomech. 40, 861\u2013870 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"28994_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.2.350","volume":"130","author":"J Rigau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rigau, J. et al. Bench model to simulate upper airway obstruction for analyzing automatic continuous positive airway pressure devices. Chest 130, 350\u2013361 (2006).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"28994_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.08.006","volume":"31","author":"C Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu, C., Brennick, M. J., Dougherty, L. & Wootton, D. M. Modeling upper airway collapse by a finite element model with regional tissue properties. Med. Eng. Phys. 31, 1343\u20131348 (2009).","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"28994_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5040112","volume":"30","author":"Y Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao, Y. & Liu, C. Rortex and comparison with eigenvalue-based vortex identification criteria. Phys. Fluids 30, 085107 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-28994-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-28994-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-28994-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T11:22:00Z","timestamp":1675423320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-28994-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28994-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2013"}}