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Ultra-Orthodox (N\u2009=\u200957), religious (N\u2009=\u200967), and secular (N\u2009=\u200944) Jewish boys (age 8.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4\u00a0years) underwent cycloplegic autorefraction and axial-length measurement. Time-outdoors and physical-activity were assessed objectively using an Actiwatch. Ocular history, educational factors, and near-work were assessed with a questionnaire. Group effects were tested and mixed effects logistic and linear regression were used to evaluate behaviors and their relationship to myopia. The prevalence of myopia (\u2264\u2009\u2212\u00a00.50D) varied by group (ultra-Orthodox: 46%, religious: 25%, secular: 20%, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.021). Refraction was more myopic in the ultra-Orthodox group (P\u2009=\u20090.001). Ultra-Orthodox boys learned to read at a younger age (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), spent more hours in school (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), spent less time using electronic devices (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and on weekdays, spent less time outdoors (P\u2009=\u20090.02). Increased hours in school (OR 1.70) and near-work (OR 1.22), increased the odds of myopia. Being ultra-Orthodox (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and increased near-work (P\u2009=\u20090.007) were associated with a more negative refraction. Several factors were associated with the prevalence and degree of myopia in young boys in Israel, including being ultra-Orthodox, learning to read at a younger age, and spending more hours in school.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29563-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T14:10:42Z","timestamp":1676643042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Baseline characteristics in the Israel refraction, environment, and devices (iREAD) study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7842-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Einat","family":"Shneor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Ostrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravid","family":"Doron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia S.","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariela","family":"Gordon-Shaag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"29563_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden, B. 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