{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:19:00Z","timestamp":1768285140044,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan","award":["27-1402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27-1402"]}]},{"name":"the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan","award":["30-1008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-1008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP17ek0109122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17ek0109122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20ek0109352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20ek0109352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to develop a machine-learning algorithm to diagnose aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) for predicting APA probabilities. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the Japan Rare\/Intractable Adrenal Diseases Study dataset was performed using the nationwide PA registry in Japan comprised of 41 centers. Patients treated between January 2006 and December 2019 were included. Forty-six features at screening and 13 features at confirmatory test were used for model development to calculate APA probability. Seven machine-learning programs were combined to develop the ensemble-learning model (ELM), which was externally validated. The strongest predictive factors for APA were serum potassium (s-K) at first visit, s-K after medication, plasma aldosterone concentration, aldosterone-to-renin ratio, and potassium supplementation dose. The average performance of the screening model had an AUC of 0.899; the confirmatory test model had an AUC of 0.913. In the external validation, the AUC was 0.964 in the screening model using an APA probability of 0.17. The clinical findings at screening predicted the diagnosis of APA with high accuracy. This novel algorithm can support the PA practice in primary care settings and prevent potentially curable APA patients from falling outside the PA diagnostic flowchart.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29653-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T14:01:38Z","timestamp":1676988098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A hyperaldosteronism subtypes predictive model using ensemble learning"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shigehiro","family":"Karashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidetaka","family":"Nambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Kometani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takamasa","family":"Ichijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuyuki","family":"Katabami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Tsuiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Oki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryuji","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouichi","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuya","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takanobu","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Kakutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Izawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Suwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Kamemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanobu","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiyo","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhide","family":"Naruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0921-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Yoneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"JPAS\/JRAS Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigehiro","family":"Karashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Kometani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takamasa","family":"Ichijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuyuki","family":"Katabami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Tsuiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Oki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryuji","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouichi","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuya","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takanobu","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Kakutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Izawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Suwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Kamemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanobu","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiyo","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhide","family":"Naruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yoneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyu","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Rakugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Soma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Yanase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeatsu","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsutoshi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Ogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryuichi","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomikazu","family":"Fukuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shozo","family":"Miyauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"29653_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02519.x","volume":"21","author":"RD Gordon","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gordon, R. D., Stowasser, M., Tunny, T. J., Klemm, S. A. & Rutherford, J. C. High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 21, 315\u2013318 (1994).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"29653_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0065","volume":"173","author":"JM Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown, J. M. et al. The unrecognized prevalence of primary aldosteronism: A cross-sectional study. Ann. Intern. Med. 173, 10\u201320 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"29653_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000040261.30455.B6","volume":"40","author":"DA Calhoun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Calhoun, D. A., Nishizaka, M. K., Zaman, M. A., Thakkar, R. B. & Weissmann, P. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 40, 892\u2013896 (2002).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"29653_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","volume":"101","author":"JW Funder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Funder, J. W. et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101, 1889\u20131916 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29653_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1472","volume":"101","author":"SC K\u00e4yser","year":"2016","unstructured":"K\u00e4yser, S. C. et al. Study heterogeneity and estimation of prevalence of primary aldosteronism: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101, 2826\u20132835 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29653_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2017.1339072","volume":"40","author":"S Karashima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karashima, S. et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism without hypertension in the general population: Results in Shika study. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 40, 118\u2013125 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"29653_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2805","volume":"98","author":"P Mulatero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mulatero, P. et al. Long-term cardio- and cerebrovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98, 4826\u20134833 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29653_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30367-4","volume":"6","author":"GL Hundemer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hundemer, G. L., Curhan, G. C., Yozamp, N., Wang, M. & Vaidya, A. Cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in medically treated primary aldosteronism: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, 51\u201359 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"29653_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30319-4","volume":"6","author":"S Monticone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monticone, S. et al. Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, 41\u201350 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"29653_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002520","volume":"38","author":"P Mulatero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mulatero, P. et al. Subtype diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcomes of primary aldosteronism and future direction of research: A position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J. Hypertens. 38, 1929\u20131936 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"29653_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0284-9","volume":"42","author":"S Umemura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Umemura, S. et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens. Res. 42, 1235\u20131481 (2019).","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"29653_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001964","volume":"37","author":"Y Takeda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takeda, Y. et al. Impact of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation during adrenal venous sampling on outcomes of primary aldosteronism. J. Hypertens. 37, 1077\u20131082 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"29653_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168484","volume":"57","author":"O Vonend","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vonend, O. et al. Adrenal venous sampling: evaluation of the German Conn\u2019s registry. Hypertension 57, 990\u2013995 (2011).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"29653_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01316-1","volume":"387","author":"DE Zak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zak, D. E. et al. A blood RNA signature for tuberculosis disease risk: A prospective cohort study. Lancet 387, 2312\u20132322 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"29653_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm319","volume":"131","author":"S Kl\u00f6ppel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kl\u00f6ppel, S. et al. Automatic classification of MR scans in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain 131, 681\u2013689 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"29653_CR16","first-page":"18","volume":"2","author":"A Liaw","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liaw, A. & Wiener, M. Classification and regression by randomForest. R News. 2(3), 18\u201322 (2002).","journal-title":"R News."},{"key":"29653_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2005.07.022","volume":"30","author":"H Yan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yan, H., Jiang, Y., Zheng, J., Peng, C. & Li, Q. A multilayer perceptron-based medical decision support system for heart disease diagnosis. Expert Syst. Appl. 30, 272\u2013281 (2006).","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"29653_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1249","volume":"8","author":"O Sagi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sagi, O. & Rokach, L. Ensemble learning: A survey. WIREs Data Min. Knowl. Discov. 8, e1249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/widm.1249 (2018).","journal-title":"WIREs Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"29653_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0681-4","volume":"19","author":"JAM Sidey-Gibbons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sidey-Gibbons, J. A. M. & Sidey-Gibbons, C. J. Machine learning in medicine: A practical introduction. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 19, 64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0681-4 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"29653_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1917","volume":"97","author":"EM K\u00fcpers","year":"2012","unstructured":"K\u00fcpers, E. M., Amar, L., Raynaud, A., Plouin, P. F. & Steichen, O. A clinical prediction score to diagnose unilateral primary aldosteronism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 3530\u20133537 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29653_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2014.20","volume":"28","author":"K Nanba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nanba, K. et al. A subtype prediction score for primary aldosteronism. J. Hum. Hypertens. 28, 716\u2013720 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"29653_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01114-6","volume":"43","author":"HT Leung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leung, H. T. et al. A clinical prediction score using age at diagnosis and saline infusion test parameters can predict aldosterone-producing adenoma from idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 43, 347\u2013355 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"29653_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaa379","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa379","volume":"105","author":"J Burrello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burrello, J. et al. Development and validation of prediction models for subtype diagnosis of patients with primary aldosteronism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, dgaa379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa379 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29653_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12831","volume":"285","author":"WF Young Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Young, W. F. Jr. Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism: Practical clinical perspectives. J. Intern. Med. 285, 126\u2013148 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"29653_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001088","volume":"34","author":"P Mulatero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mulatero, P. et al. Guidelines for primary aldosteronism: Uptake by primary care physicians in Europe. J. Hypertens. 34, 2253\u20132257 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"29653_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001384","volume":"35","author":"E Rossi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rossi, E., Perazzoli, F., Negro, A. & Magnani, A. Diagnostic rate of primary aldosteronism in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, during 16 years (2000\u20132015). J. Hypertens. 35, 1691\u20131697 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"29653_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002847","volume":"3","author":"KW Akbar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Akbar, K. W. et al. Comparison of imputation methods for missing laboratory data in medicine. BMJ Open 3, e002847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002847 (2013).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"29653_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-19120-0","volume":"8","author":"R Wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei, R. et al. Missing value imputation approach for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics data. Sci. Rep. 8, 663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-19120-0 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"29653_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88712-8","volume":"11","author":"H Kaneko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaneko, H. et al. Machine learning based models for prediction of subtype diagnosis of primary aldosteronism using blood test. Sci. Rep. 11, 9140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-88712-8 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"29653_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16209","volume":"3","author":"G Eisenhofer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eisenhofer, G. et al. Use of steroid profiling combined with machine learning for identification and subtype classification in primary aldosteronism. J. Am. Med. Assoc. Netw. Open. 3, e2016209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16209 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc. Netw. Open."},{"key":"29653_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-4-825","volume":"71","author":"K Nomura","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nomura, K. et al. Iodomethylnorcholesterol uptake in an aldosteronoma shown by dexamethasone-suppression scintigraphy: Relationship to adenoma size and functional activity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71, 825\u2013830 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29653_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.064873","volume":"50","author":"RF Yen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yen, R. F. et al. 131I\u20136beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol SPECT\/CT for primary aldosteronism patients with inconclusive adrenal venous sampling and CT results. J. Nucl. Med. 50, 1631\u20131637 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"29653_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1537","volume":"97","author":"TJ Burton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burton, T. J. et al. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of (11)C-metomidate positron emission tomography (PET)-CT for lateralizing aldosterone secretion by Conn\u2019s adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 100\u2013109 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29653_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3431","volume":"101","author":"T Abe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abe, T. et al. A novel CYP11B2-specific imaging agent for detection of unilateral subtypes of primary aldosteronism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101, 1008\u20131015 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29653_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10263","volume":"71","author":"Y Ohno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ohno, Y. et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in primary aldosteronism: A multicenter study in Japan. Hypertension 71, 530\u2013537 (2020).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"29653_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2014.20","volume":"37","author":"K Shimamoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shimamoto, K. et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2014). Hypertens. Res. 37, 253\u2013390 (2014).","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"29653_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2009.34","volume":"32","author":"T Ogihara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ogihara, T. et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2009). Hypertens. Res. 32, 3\u2013107 (2009).","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"29653_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.06.051","volume":"136","author":"WF Young","year":"2004","unstructured":"Young, W. F. et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 136, 1227\u20131235 (2004).","journal-title":"Surgery."},{"key":"29653_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02097","volume":"63","author":"GP Rossi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rossi, G. P. et al. An expert consensus statement on use of adrenal vein sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 63, 151\u2013160 (2014).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"29653_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30135-3","volume":"5","author":"TA Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams, T. A. et al. Primary Aldosteronism Surgery Outcome (PASO) investigators Outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism: an international consensus on outcome measures and analysis of remission rates in an international cohort. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 5, 689\u2013699 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"29653_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","volume":"93","author":"LK Nieman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nieman, L. K. et al. The diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 1526\u20131540 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29653_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00014","volume":"8","author":"A Abraham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abraham, A. et al. Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn. Front. Neuroinform. 8, 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fninf.2014.00014 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-29653-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-29653-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-29653-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:06:05Z","timestamp":1677024365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-29653-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-29653-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3043"}}