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A number of studies have reported the occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    in domestic pigeons. Thus, this study aimed to identify\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in samples collected from domestic pigeons, pigeon fanciers, and drinking water, as well as to investigate the antiprotozoal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the viability of isolated\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Samples were collected from domestic pigeons (n\u2009=\u2009150), pigeon fanciers (n\u2009=\u200950), and drinking water (n\u2009=\u200950) and examined for the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. using microscopic and molecular techniques. The antiprotozoal activity of AgNPs was then assessed both in vitro and in vivo.\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. was identified in 16.4% of all examined samples, with\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    identified in 5.6%. The highest frequency of isolation was from domestic pigeon, rather than from pigeon fanciers or drinking water. In domestic pigeons, there was a significant association between\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. positivity and pigeon's age, droppings consistency, housing, hygienic and heath conditions. However,\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. positivity was only significantly associated with pigeon fanciers' gender and heath condition. The viability of\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts was reduced using AgNPs at various concentrations and storage times in a descending manner. In an in vitro study, the highest reduction in\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    count was observed at the AgNPs concentration of 1000\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL after a 24\u00a0h contact time, followed by the AgNPs concentration of 500\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL after a 24\u00a0h contact time. However, after a 48\u00a0h contact time, a complete reduction was observed at both 1000 and 500\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL concentrations. Overall, the count and viability of\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    decreased with increasing the AgNPs concentration and contact times in both the in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocyst destruction was time-dependent and increased with increasing the contact time at various AgNPs concentrations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30270-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T06:03:04Z","timestamp":1677045784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Molecular identification and antiprotozoal activity of silver nanoparticles on viability of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from pigeons, pigeon fanciers and water"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rasha M. M.","family":"Abou Elez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira S. 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