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In cases of partial thymectomy, the prognosis is greatly improved by ensuring a sufficient margin from the tumor, and therefore intraoperative fluorescent imaging of the tumor is especially valuable in thoracoscopic and robotic surgery, where tactile information is not available. \u03b3-Glutamyl hydroxymethyl rhodamine green (gGlu-HMRG) has been applied for fluorescence imaging of some types of tumors in the resected tissues, and here we aimed to examine its validity for the imaging of thymoma and thymic carcinoma. 22 patients with thymoma or thymic carcinoma who underwent surgery between February 2013 and January 2021 were included in the study. Ex vivo imaging of specimens was performed, and the sensitivity and specificity of gGlu-HMRG were 77.3% and 100%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed to confirm expression of gGlu-HMRG's target enzyme, \u03b3-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). IHC revealed high GGT expression in thymoma and thymic carcinoma in contrast to absent or low expression in normal thymic parenchyma and fat tissue. These results suggest the utility of gGlu-HMRG as a fluorescence probe for intraoperative visualization of thymomas and thymic carcinomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30753-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T06:04:33Z","timestamp":1678169073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Rapid imaging of thymoma and thymic carcinoma with a fluorogenic probe targeting \u03b3-glutamyltranspeptidase"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mako","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafusa","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruaki","family":"Hino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuki","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyohhei","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Shinozaki-Ushiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuteru","family":"Urano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"30753_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2007.11.004","volume":"44","author":"WK de Jong","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Jong, W. K. et al. Thymic epithelial tumours: A population-based study of the incidence, diagnostic procedures and therapy. Eur. J. Cancer. 44, 123\u2013130 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer."},{"key":"30753_CR2","first-page":"183","volume":"60","author":"G Marulli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marulli, G. et al. Robot-aided thoracoscopic thymectomy for early-stage thymoma: A multicenter European study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 60, 183\u2013187 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"30753_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezab224","volume":"60","author":"F Guerrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guerrera, F. et al. Thymomectomy plus total thymectomy versus simple thymomectomy for early-stage thymoma without myasthenia gravis: A European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Thymic Working Group Study. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 60, 881\u2013887 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. 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