{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:18:03Z","timestamp":1787987883511,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Ricerca Corrente, Scientific Institute IRCCS Medea"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente, Scientific Institute IRCCS Medea"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"\u201c5per1000\u201d funds for biomedical research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Beyond classical aspects related to locomotion (<jats:italic>bio<\/jats:italic>mechanics), it has been hypothesized that walking pattern is influenced by a combination of distinct computations including online sensory\/perceptual sampling and the processing of expectations (<jats:italic>neuro<\/jats:italic>mechanics). Here, we aimed to explore the potential impact of contrasting scenarios (\u201crisky and potentially dangerous\u201d scenario; \u201csafe and comfortable\u201d scenario) on walking pattern in a group of healthy young adults. Firstly, and consistently with previous literature, we confirmed that the scenario influences gait pattern when it is recalled concurrently to participants\u2019 walking activity (motor interference). More intriguingly, our main result showed that participants\u2019 gait pattern is also influenced by the contextual scenario when it is evoked only before the start of walking activity (motor expectation). This condition was designed to test the impact of expectations (risky scenario vs. safe scenario) on gait pattern, and the stimulation that preceded walking activity served as prior. Noteworthy, we combined statistical and machine learning (Support-Vector Machine classifier) approaches to stratify distinct levels of analyses that explored the multi-facets architecture of walking. In a nutshell, our combined statistical and machine learning analyses converge in suggesting that <jats:italic>walking before steps<\/jats:italic> is not just a paradox.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32665-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T13:04:45Z","timestamp":1680786285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Context expectation influences the gait pattern biomechanics"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Ciceri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Malerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Diella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Peruzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Biffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Casartelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"32665_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(96)82849-9","volume":"3","author":"DA Winter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Winter, D. A. Human balance and posture control during standing and walking. Gait Posture 3(4), 193\u2013214 (1995).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"32665_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66305-1","volume":"10","author":"SB Swart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swart, S. B., den Otter, R. & Lamoth, C. J. Anticipatory control of human gait following simulated slip exposure. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"32665_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.02.042","volume":"86","author":"LH Ting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ting, L. H. et al. Neuromechanical principles underlying movement modularity and their implications for rehabilitation. Neuron 86(1), 38\u201354 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"32665_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.09.017","volume":"95","author":"L Casartelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casartelli, L., Riva, M., Villa, L. & Borgatti, R. Insights from perceptual, sensory, and motor functioning in autism and cerebellar primary disturbances: Are there reliable markers for these disorders?. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 95, 263\u2013279 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"32665_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.021","volume":"91","author":"L Cupertino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cupertino, L. et al. Biomechanical aspects that precede freezing episode during gait in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review. Gait Posture 91, 149\u2013154 (2022).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"32665_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.013","volume":"132","author":"SK Huber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huber, S. K., Knols, R. H., Arnet, P. & de Bruin, E. D. Motor-cognitive intervention concepts can improve gait in chronic stroke, but their effect on cognitive functions is unclear: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 132, 818\u2013837 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"32665_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0749-x","volume":"114","author":"PD Thompson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thompson, P. D. & Nutt, J. G. Higher level gait disorders. J. Neural Transm. 114(10), 1305\u20131307 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"issue":"3","key":"32665_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.08.009","volume":"35","author":"E Scherder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scherder, E., Eggermont, L., Visscher, C., Scheltens, P. & Swaab, D. Understanding higher level gait disturbances in mild dementia in order to improve rehabilitation: \u201cLast in-first out\u201d. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35(3), 699\u2013714 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"32665_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.068","volume":"46","author":"SW Davis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Davis, S. W. et al. Assessing the effects of age on long white matter tracts using diffusion tensor tractography. Neuroimage 46(2), 530\u2013541 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"32665_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.178","volume":"14","author":"J Nonnekes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nonnekes, J. et al. Neurological disorders of gait, balance and posture: A sign-based approach. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 14(3), 183\u2013189 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"32665_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.03.008","volume":"28","author":"JS Matthis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matthis, J. S., Yates, J. L. & Hayhoe, M. M. Gaze and the control of foot placement when walking in natural terrain. Curr. Biol. 28(8), 1224-1233.e5 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"32665_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21018-4","volume":"8","author":"A Santuz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santuz, A., Ekizos, A., Eckardt, N., Kibele, A. & Arampatzis, A. Challenging human locomotion: Stability and modular organisation in unsteady conditions. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 2740 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"32665_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000477","volume":"36","author":"A Clark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clark, A. Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behav. Brain Sci. 36(3), 181\u2013204 (2013).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"issue":"41","key":"32665_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16275","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0742-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"P Kok","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kok, P., Brouwer, G. J., van Gerven, M. A. & de Lange, F. P. Prior expectations bias sensory representations in visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 33(41), 16275\u201316284 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"32665_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06752-7","volume":"9","author":"D Yon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yon, D., Gilbert, S. J., de Lange, F. P. & Press, C. Action sharpens sensory representations of expected outcomes. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 4288 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"32665_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0275-5","volume":"21","author":"C Teufel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teufel, C. & Fletcher, P. C. Forms of prediction in the nervous system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 21(4), 231\u2013242 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"32665_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4104-9","volume":"233","author":"L Turchet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turchet, L., Camponogara, I. & Cesari, P. Interactive footstep sounds modulate the perceptual-motor aftereffect of treadmill walking. Exp. Brain Res. 233(1), 205\u2013214 (2015).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"32665_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2021.102827","volume":"78","author":"A Hildebrandt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, A. & Canal-Bruland, R. Effects of auditory feedback on gait behavior, gaze patterns and outcome performance in long jumping. Hum. Mov. Sci. 78, 102827 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"32665_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biffi, E., et al. Gait rehabilitation with a high tech platform based on virtual reality conveys improvements in walking ability of children suffering from acquired brain injury. In 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 7406\u20137409 (2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7320103"},{"issue":"2","key":"32665_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3414\/ME16-02-0020","volume":"56","author":"E Biffi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Biffi, E. et al. An immersive virtual reality platform to enhance walking ability of children with acquired brain injuries. Methods Inf. Med. 56(2), 119\u2013126 (2017).","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"32665_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geijtenbeek, T., Steenbrink, F., Otten, B., & Even-Zohar, O. D-flow: immersive virtual reality and real-time feedback for rehabilitation. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry, 201\u2013208 (2011).","DOI":"10.1145\/2087756.2087785"},{"issue":"12","key":"32665_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2020.1768246","volume":"23","author":"L Meng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meng, L., Millar, L., Childs, C. & Buis, A. A strathclyde cluster model for gait kinematic measurement using functional methods: A study of inter-assessor reliability analysis with comparison to anatomical models. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 23(12), 844\u2013853 (2020).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"32665_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-2039-1","volume":"46","author":"C Gagliardi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gagliardi, C. et al. Immersive virtual reality to improve walking abilities in cerebral palsy: A pilot study. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 46(9), 1376\u20131384 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"32665_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3671","volume":"77","author":"RA Poldrack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poldrack, R. A., Huckins, G. & Varoquaux, G. Establishment of best practices for evidence for prediction: A review. JAMA Psychiat. 77(5), 534\u2013540 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"32665_CR25","unstructured":"Vercellis, C. Business Intelligence: Data Mining and Optimization for Decision Making. (Wiley, 2011)."},{"issue":"4","key":"32665_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.4.955","volume":"48","author":"R Camicioli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Camicioli, R., Howieson, D., Lehman, S. & Kaye, J. Talking while walking: the effect of a dual task in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurology 48(4), 955\u2013958 (1997).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"32665_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.15.3.417","volume":"15","author":"U Lindenberger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lindenberger, U., Marsiske, M. & Baltes, P. B. Memorizing while walking: Increase in dual-task costs from young adulthood to old age. Psychol. Aging 15(3), 417\u2013436 (2000).","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"32665_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20848","volume":"21","author":"S Springer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Springer, S. et al. Dual-tasking effects on gait variability: The role of aging, falls, and executive function. Mov. Disord. 21(7), 950\u2013957 (2006).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"32665_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.12.016","volume":"260","author":"P Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel, P., Lamar, M. & Bhatt, T. Effect of type of cognitive task and walking speed on cognitive-motor interference during dual-task walking. Neuroscience 260, 140\u2013148 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"32665_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.02.028","volume":"86","author":"F Lunardini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lunardini, F., Malavolti, M., Pedrocchi, A. L. G., Borghese, N. A. & Ferrante, S. A mobile app to trasparently distinguish single- from dual-task walking fot the ecological monitoring of age-related changes in daily-life gait. Gait Posture 86, 27\u201332 (2021).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"32665_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2805","volume":"11","author":"G Rizzolatti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rizzolatti, G. & Sinigaglia, C. The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: Interpretations and misinterpretations. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11(4), 264\u2013274 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"32665_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00009.2013","volume":"94","author":"G Rizzolatti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rizzolatti, G., Cattaneo, L., Fabbri-Destro, M. & Rozzi, S. Cortical mechanisms underlying the organization of goal-directed actions and mirror neuron-based action understanding. Physiol. Rev. 94(2), 655\u2013706 (2014).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"32665_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.040","volume":"88","author":"MA Giese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giese, M. A. & Rizzolatti, G. Neural and computational mechanisms of action processing: Interaction between visual and motor representations. Neuron 88(1), 167\u2013180 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"12","key":"32665_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.135","volume":"17","author":"G Rizzolatti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rizzolatti, G. & Sinigaglia, C. The mirror mechanism: A basic principle of brain function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 17(12), 757\u2013765 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5582","key":"32665_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070311","volume":"297","author":"E Kohler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kohler, E. et al. Hearing sounds, understanding actions: Action representation in mirror neurons. Science 297(5582), 846\u2013848 (2002).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"32665_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705985105","volume":"105","author":"MA Umilt\u00e0","year":"2008","unstructured":"Umilt\u00e0, M. A. et al. When pliers become fingers in the monkey motor system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105(6), 2209\u20132213 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"14","key":"32665_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.05.047","volume":"24","author":"L Bonini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bonini, L., Maranesi, M., Livi, A., Fogassi, L. & Rizzolatti, G. Ventral premotor neurons encoding representations of action during self and others\u2019 inaction. Curr. Biol. 24(14), 1611\u20131614 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"22","key":"32665_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.007","volume":"26","author":"V Caggiano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caggiano, V., Fleischer, F., Pomper, J. K., Giese, M. A. & Thier, P. Mirror neurons in monkey premotor area F5 show tuning for critical features of visual causality perception. Curr. Biol. 26(22), 3077\u20133082 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"32665_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3220-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"G Coud\u00e9","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coud\u00e9, G. et al. Mirror neurons of ventral premotor cortex are modulated by social cues provided by others\u2019 gaze. J. Neurosci. 36(11), 3145\u20133156 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"32665_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01353","volume":"31","author":"G Coud\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coud\u00e9, G. et al. Grasping neurons in the ventral premotor cortex of macaques are modulated by social goals. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 31(2), 299\u2013313 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"32665_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858417750466","volume":"24","author":"L Casartelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casartelli, L., Federici, A., Biffi, E., Molteni, M. & Ronconi, L. Are we motorically wired to others? High-level motor computations and their role in autism. Neuroscientist 24(6), 568\u2013581 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"11","key":"32665_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3838","volume":"15","author":"C Summerfield","year":"2014","unstructured":"Summerfield, C. & de Lange, F. P. Expectation in perceptual decision making: Neural and computational mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15(11), 745\u2013756 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"32665_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.3034521","volume":"29","author":"E Martini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martini, E. et al. Increased symmetry of lower-limb amputees walking with concurrent bilateral vibrotactile feedback. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 29, 74\u201384 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"32665_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.003","volume":"100","author":"GB Keller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keller, G. B. & Mrsic-Flogel, T. D. Predictive processing: A canonical cortical computation. Neuron 100(2), 424\u2013435 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"32665_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.034","volume":"75","author":"P Kok","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kok, P., Jehee, J. F. & de Lange, F. P. Less is more: Expectation sharpens representations in the primary visual cortex. Neuron 75(2), 265\u2013270 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"32665_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.09.005","volume":"50","author":"F Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, F., Kim, J. & Munoz, J. Adaptive gait responses to awareness of an impending slip during treadmill walking. Gait Posture 50, 175\u2013179 (2016).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"32665_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.10.006","volume":"182","author":"A Koul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koul, A., Soriano, M., Tversky, B., Becchio, C. & Cavallo, A. The kinematics that you do not expect: Integrating prior information and kinematics to understand intentions. Cognition 182, 213\u2013219 (2019).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"32665_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37036","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37036","volume":"6","author":"A Cavallo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cavallo, A., Koul, A., Ansuini, C., Capozzi, F. & Becchio, C. Decoding intentions from movement kinematics. Sci. Rep. 6, 37036 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"32665_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001003","volume":"150","author":"M Rocca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rocca, M. & Cavallo, A. Wired actions: Anticipatory kinematic interference during a dyadic sequential motor interaction task. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 150(7), 1387 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"issue":"2","key":"32665_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1574-0","volume":"43","author":"E Gowen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gowen, E. & Hamilton, A. Motor abilities in autism: A review using a computational context. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 43(2), 323\u2013344 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"32665_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.021","volume":"102","author":"J Diedrichsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diedrichsen, J., King, M., Hernandez-Castillo, C., Sereno, M. & Ivry, R. B. Universal transform or multiple functionality? Understanding the contribution of the human cerebellum across task domains. Neuron 102(5), 918\u2013928 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"32665_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000097","volume":"143","author":"CJ Palmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmer, C. J., Lawson, R. P. & Hohwy, J. Bayesian approaches to autism: Towards volatility, action, and behavior. Psychol. Bull. 143(5), 521\u2013542 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"9","key":"32665_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.05.015","volume":"84","author":"P Sterzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sterzer, P. et al. The predictive coding account of psychosis. Biol. Psychiat. 84(9), 634\u2013643 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"issue":"3","key":"32665_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.016","volume":"83","author":"SS Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, S. S., Kloth, A. D. & Badura, A. The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism. Neuron 83(3), 518\u2013532 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"36","key":"32665_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9107","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2622-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"SM Morton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morton, S. M. & Bastian, A. J. Cerebellar contributions to locomotor adaptations during splitbelt treadmill walking. J. Neurosci. 26(36), 9107\u20139116 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"32665_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.027","volume":"23","author":"MJ Roth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roth, M. J., Synofzik, M. & Lindner, A. The cerebellum optimizes perceptual predictions about external sensory events. Curr. Biol. 23(10), 930\u2013935 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"32665_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02198-0","volume":"226","author":"V Oldrati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oldrati, V. et al. How social is the cerebellum? Exploring the effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on the prediction of social and physical events. Brain Struct. Funct. 226(3), 671\u2013684 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"32665_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.11.024","volume":"60","author":"E Buckley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buckley, E., Mazz\u00e0, C. & McNeill, A. A systematic review of the gait characteristics associated with Cerebellar Ataxia. Gait Posture 60, 154\u2013163 (2018).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"32665_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037665","volume":"121","author":"S Van de Cruys","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van de Cruys, S. et al. Precise minds in uncertain worlds: Predictive coding in autism. Psychol. Rev. 121(4), 649\u2013675 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"32665_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0308-9","volume":"22","author":"I Lieder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lieder, I. et al. Perceptual bias reveals slow-updating in autism and fast-forgetting in dyslexia. Nat. Neurosci. 22(2), 256\u2013264 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"32665_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa243","volume":"143","author":"T Arthur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arthur, T., Vine, S., Brosnan, M. & Buckingham, G. Predictive sensorimotor control in autism. Brain 143(10), 3151\u20133163 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"32665_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320918745","volume":"24","author":"S Achermann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Achermann, S., Nystr\u00f6m, P., B\u00f6lte, S. & Falck-Ytter, T. Motor atypicalities in infancy are associated with general developmental level at 2 years, but not autistic symptoms. Autism 24(7), 1650\u20131663 (2020).","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"32665_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.039","volume":"105","author":"S Micera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Micera, S., Caleo, M., Chisari, C., Hummel, F. C. & Pedrocchi, A. Advanced neurotechnologies for the restoration of motor function. Neuron 105(4), 604\u2013620 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"32665_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2019.01.019","volume":"28","author":"C Becchio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Becchio, C. & Panzeri, S. Sensorimotor communication at the intersection between kinematic coding and readout. Phys. Life Rev. 28, 39\u201342 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Life Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"32665_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac07bd","volume":"18","author":"H Yokoyama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yokoyama, H., Kaneko, N., Watanabe, K. & Nakazawa, K. Neural decoding of gait phases during motor imagery and improvement of the decoding accuracy by concurrent action observation. J. Neural Eng. 18(4), 046099 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"32665_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009575","volume":"18","author":"JS Matthis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matthis, J. S., Muller, K. S., Bonnen, K. L. & Hayhoe, M. M. Retinal optic flow during natural locomotion. PLoS Comput. Biol. 18(2), e1009575 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"32665_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.069","volume":"31","author":"FJ Dom\u00ednguez-Zamora","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Zamora, F. J. & Marigold, D. S. Motives driving gaze and walking decisions. Curr. Biol. 31(8), 1632-1642.e4 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"22","key":"32665_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10222838","volume":"10","author":"C Piazza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piazza, C. et al. Development and preliminary testing of a system for the multimodal analysis of gait training in a virtual reality environment. Electronics 10(22), 2838 (2021).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"32665_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.04.008","volume":"15","author":"H Yokoyama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yokoyama, H. et al. Cortical correlates of locomotor muscle synergy activation in humans: An electroencephalographic decoding study. IScience 15, 623\u2013639 (2019).","journal-title":"IScience"},{"issue":"17","key":"32665_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920984117","volume":"117","author":"F Sylos-Labini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sylos-Labini, F. et al. Distinct locomotor precursors in newborn babies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117(17), 9604\u20139612 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"32665_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1063-z","volume":"8","author":"CA Fukuchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fukuchi, C. A., Fukuchi, R. K. & Duarte, M. Effects of walking speed on gait biomechanics in healthy participants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst. Rev. 8(1), 1\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-32665-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-32665-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-32665-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T13:17:40Z","timestamp":1680787060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-32665-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["32665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-32665-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5644"}}