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A novel\u2009~\u20092500-base amplicon (StrainID) that spans the 16S and 23S rRNA genes was used to generate amplicon sequence variant (ASV) fingerprints for\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella oxytoca<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0species complexes (KoSC and KpSC, respectively) and co-occurring fecal bacterial strains from 10 preterm infants with NEC and 20 matched controls. Complementary approaches were used to identify cytotoxin-producing isolates of KoSC.\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species colonized most preterm infants, were more prevalent in NEC subjects versus controls, and replaced\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    in NEC subjects. Single KoSC or KpSC ASV fingerprinted strains dominated the gut microbiota, suggesting exclusionary\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    competition for luminal resources.\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was co-dominant with KoSC but present infrequently with KpSC. Cytotoxin-producing KoSC members were identified in most NEC subjects and were less frequent in controls. Few\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were shared between subjects. We conclude that inter-species\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    competition, within an environment of KoSC and\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    cooperation, appears to be an important factor for the development of NEC. Preterm infants seem to acquire\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    primarily through routes other than patient-to-patient transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34735-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T06:04:54Z","timestamp":1684217094000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["High-resolution microbiome analysis reveals exclusionary\u00a0Klebsiella\u00a0species competition in preterm infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Spencer","family":"Coleman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Unterhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Rezaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagender","family":"Ledala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Lesmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Caimano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjiao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Gratalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam P.","family":"Matson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"34735_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005408","volume":"364","author":"J Neu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neu, J. & Walker, W. 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