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IC patients with or without Hunner lesion and non-IC controls were enrolled (n\u2009=\u20095\/group). Bladder tissues were stained with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and PDGF receptor B (PDGFR-B). The IC group showed extensive VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-B staining compared with controls. Next, ten-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n\u2009=\u200910\/group): sham, hydrochloride (HCl), and axitinib groups. One week after HCl instillation (day 0), the axitinib group received oral axitinib (1\u00a0mg\/kg) for five consecutive days and pain was evaluated daily. Bladder function, histology and genetics were evaluated on day 7. The pain threshold significantly improved 3\u00a0days after axitinib administration. Axitinib decreased non-voiding contraction and increased the micturition interval and micturition volume and alleviated urothelial denudation, angiogenesis, mast cell infiltration, and fibrosis. HCl instillation increased the expression of tyrosine kinase receptors, including VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-B; axitinib administration inhibited their expression. Oral administration of axitinib improved pain, voiding profiles, and urothelial integrity by inhibiting angiogenesis in IC rat model. Axitinib may have potential therapeutic efficacy in IC patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35178-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T14:07:41Z","timestamp":1684850861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Therapeutic effects of axitinib, an anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on interstitial cystitis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jung Hyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae-Min","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwan Yeul","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang Soon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Myung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung-Soo","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"35178_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.09.019","volume":"53","author":"JP van de Merwe","year":"2008","unstructured":"van de Merwe, J. P. et al. Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome\/interstitial cystitis: An ESSIC proposal. Eur. Urol. 53, 60\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.09.019 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"35178_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14234","volume":"27","author":"Y Homma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Homma, Y. et al. Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. Int. J. Urol. 27, 578\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iju.14234 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"35178_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13985","volume":"26","author":"LA Birder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Birder, L. A. Pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis. Int. J. Urol. 26(Suppl 1), 12\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iju.13985 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. 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Longitudinal intravital imaging of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells elucidates their functional integration and therapeutic potency in an animal model of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. Theranostics 8, 5610\u20135624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.27559 (2018).","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"35178_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0459","volume":"24","author":"M Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song, M. et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy alleviates interstitial cystitis by activating Wnt signaling pathway. Stem Cells Dev. 24, 1648\u20131657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/scd.2014.0459 (2015).","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"35178_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1823-7","volume":"10","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, H. J. et al. 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