{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:43:23Z","timestamp":1791535403167,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the EU through the INTERREG program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In alpine skiing, estimation of the muscle forces and joint loads such as the forces in the ACL of the knee are essential to quantify the loading pattern of the skier during turning maneuvers. Since direct measurement of these forces is generally not feasible, non-invasive methods based on musculoskeletal modeling should be considered. In alpine skiing, however, muscle forces and ACL forces have not been analyzed during turning maneuvers due to the lack of three dimensional musculoskeletal models. In the present study, a three dimensional musculoskeletal skier model was successfully applied to track experimental data of a professional skier. During the turning maneuver, the primary activated muscles groups of the outside leg, bearing the highest loads, were the gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis as well as the medial and lateral hamstrings. The main function of these muscles was to generate the required hip extension and knee extension moments. The gluteus maximus was also the main contributor to the hip abduction moment when the hip was highly flexed. Furthermore, the lateral hamstrings and gluteus maximus contributed to the hip external rotation moment in addition to the quadratus femoris. Peak ACL forces reached 211 N on the outside leg with the main contribution in the frontal plane due to an external knee abduction moment. Sagittal plane contributions were low due to consistently high knee flexion (&gt; 60<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^{\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mrow\/>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2218<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:msup>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>), substantial co-activation of the hamstrings and the ground reaction force pushing the anteriorly inclined tibia backwards with respect to the femur. In conclusion, the present musculoskeletal simulation model provides a detailed insight into the loading of a skier during turning maneuvers that might be used to analyze appropriate training loads or injury risk factors such as the speed or turn radius of the skier, changes of the equipment or neuromuscular control parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35775-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T10:01:41Z","timestamp":1685786501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Model-based estimation of muscle and ACL forces during turning maneuvers in alpine skiing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5115-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonie J.","family":"van den Bogert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"M\u00f6ssner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Nachbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"35775_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0032-2","volume":"43","author":"K H\u00e9bert-Losier","year":"2013","unstructured":"H\u00e9bert-Losier, K. & Holmberg, H.-C. What are the exercise-based injury prevention recommendations for recreational alpine skiing and snowboarding? A systematic review. Sports Med. 43, 355\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-013-0032-2 (2013).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0132-z","volume":"44","author":"K H\u00e9bert-Losier","year":"2014","unstructured":"H\u00e9bert-Losier, K., Supej, M. & Holmberg, H.-C. Biomechanical factors influencing the performance of Elite Alpine Ski racers. Sports Med. 44, 519\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-013-0132-z (2014).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.068759","volume":"43","author":"TW Florenes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Florenes, T. W., Bere, T., Nordsletten, L., Heir, S. & Bahr, R. Injuries among male and female World Cup alpine skiers. Br. J. Sports Med. 43, 973\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2009.068759 (2009).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095467","volume":"50","author":"B Haaland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haaland, B., Steenstrup, S. E., Bere, T., Bahr, R. & Nordsletten, L. Injury rate and injury patterns in FIS World Cup Alpine skiing (2006\u20132015): Have the new ski regulations made an impact?. Br. J. Sports Med. 50, 32\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095467 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102752","volume":"55","author":"M Barth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barth, M., Platzer, H.-P., Giger, A., Nachbauer, W. & Schr\u00f6cksnadel, P. Acute on-snow severe injury events in elite alpine ski racing from 1997 to 2019: The Injury Surveillance System of the Austrian Ski Federation. Br. J. Sports Med. 55, 589\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102752 (2021).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509338827","volume":"37","author":"BE \u00d8iestad","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u00d8iestad, B. E., Engebretsen, L., Storheim, K. & Risberg, M. A. Winner of the 2008 systematic review competition: Knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am. J. Sports Med. 37, 1434\u20131443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546509338827 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515621554","volume":"44","author":"AJ Wiggins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiggins, A. J. et al. Risk of secondary injury in younger athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Sports Med. 44, 1861\u20131876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546515621554 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0601-2","volume":"47","author":"J Sp\u00f6rri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sp\u00f6rri, J., Kr\u00f6ll, J., Gilgien, M. & M\u00fcller, E. How to prevent injuries in Alpine Ski Racing: What do we know and where do we go from here? Sports Med. 47, 599\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0601-2 (2017).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511405147","volume":"39","author":"T Bere","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bere, T. et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in World Cup Alpine Skiing: A systematic video analysis of 20 cases. Am. J. Sports Med. 39, 1421\u20131429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546511405147 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092994","volume":"48","author":"M Gilgien","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilgien, M., Sp\u00f6rri, J., Kr\u00f6ll, J., Crivelli, P. & M\u00fcller, E. Mechanics of turning and jumping and skier speed are associated with injury risk in men\u2019s World Cup alpine skiing: A comparison between the competition disciplines. Br. J. Sports Med. 48, 742\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092994 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carlson, V.\u00a0R., Sheehan, F.\u00a0T. & Boden, B.\u00a0P. Video analysis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries: A systematic review. JBJS Rev. 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.15.00116 (2016).","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.15.00116"},{"key":"35775_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01674-3","volume":"52","author":"N Maniar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maniar, N., Cole, M. H., Bryant, A. L. & Opar, D. A. Muscle force contributions to anterior cruciate ligament loading. Sports Med. 52, 1737\u20131750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01674-3 (2022).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.09.005","volume":"22","author":"A Erdemir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Erdemir, A., McLean, S., Herzog, W. & van den Bogert, A. J. Model-based estimation of muscle forces exerted during movements. Clin. Biomech. 22, 131\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.09.005 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"35775_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.04.010","volume":"44","author":"WA Laughlin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laughlin, W. A. et al. The effects of single-leg landing technique on ACL loading. J. Biomech. 44, 1845\u20131851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.04.010 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"35775_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.10.021","volume":"82","author":"N Maniar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maniar, N., Schache, A. G., Cole, M. H. & Opar, D. A. Lower-limb muscle function during sidestep cutting. J. Biomech. 82, 186\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.10.021 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"35775_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110426","volume":"121","author":"SA Peel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peel, S. A., Schroeder, L. E. & Weinhandl, J. T. Lower extremity muscle contributions to ACL loading during a stop-jump task. J. Biomech. 121, 110426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110426 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"35775_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00167-0","volume":"29","author":"KG Gerritsen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gerritsen, K. G., Nachbauer, W. & van den Bogert, A. J. Computer simulation of landing movement in downhill skiing: Anterior cruciate ligament injuries. J. Biomech. 29, 845\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00167-0 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"35775_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12120","volume":"24","author":"D Heinrich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heinrich, D., van den Bogert, A. J. & Nachbauer, W. Relationship between jump landing kinematics and peak ACL force during a jump in downhill skiing: A simulation study: Simulation of jump landing. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 24, e180\u2013e187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12120 (2014).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"35775_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098964","volume":"52","author":"D Heinrich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heinrich, D., van den Bogert, A. J. & Nachbauer, W. Peak ACL force during jump landing in downhill skiing is less sensitive to landing height than landing position. Br. J. Sports Med. 52, 1086\u20131090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098964 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"35775_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1211309","volume":"35","author":"R Eberle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eberle, R., Heinrich, D., Kaps, P., Oberguggenberger, M. & Nachbauer, W. Effect of ski boot rear stiffness (SBRS) on maximal ACL force during injury prone landing movements in alpine ski racing: A study with a musculoskeletal simulation model. J. Sports Sci. 35, 1125\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2016.1211309 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"35775_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.894568","volume":"10","author":"D Heinrich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heinrich, D., van den Bogert, A. J. & Nachbauer, W. Estimation of joint moments during turning maneuvers in Alpine Skiing using a three dimensional musculoskeletal skier model and a forward dynamics optimization framework. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 894568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.894568 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"35775_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025","volume":"43","author":"SR Hamner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hamner, S. R., Seth, A. & Delp, S. L. Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running. J. Biomech. 43, 2709\u20132716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"35775_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Catelli, D.\u00a0S., Wesseling, M., Jonkers, I. & Lamontagne, M. A musculoskeletal model customized for squatting task. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 22, 21\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2018.1523396 (2019).","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2018.1523396"},{"key":"35775_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73856-w","volume":"10","author":"M Nitschke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nitschke, M. et al. Efficient trajectory optimization for curved running using a 3D musculoskeletal model with implicit dynamics. Sci. Rep. 10, 17655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-73856-w (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"35775_CR25","unstructured":"M\u00f6ssner, M., Heinrich, D., Kaps, P., Schretter, H. & Nachbauer, W. Effect of ski stiffness in a sequence of ski turns. In M\u00fcller, E., Lindinger, S. & St\u00f6ggl, T. (eds.) Science and skiing IV, 374\u2013388 (Meyer & Meyer Sport (UK) Ltd, Maidenhead, 2009)."},{"key":"35775_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-008-0001-4","volume":"11","author":"T Yoneyama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yoneyama, T., Scott, N., Kagawa, H. & Osada, K. Ski deflection measurement during skiing and estimation of ski direction and edge angle. Sports Eng. 11, 3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12283-008-0001-4 (2008).","journal-title":"Sports Eng."},{"key":"35775_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12035","volume":"24","author":"M M\u00f6ssner","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00f6ssner, M. et al. Modeling the ski-snow contact in skiing turns using a hypoplastic vs an elastic force-penetration relation: Modeling the ski-snow contact in skiing turns. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 24, 577\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12035 (2014).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"35775_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG13J031","volume":"59","author":"M M\u00f6ssner","year":"2013","unstructured":"M\u00f6ssner, M. et al. Measurement of mechanical properties of snow for simulation of skiing. J. Glaciol. 59, 1170\u20131178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3189\/2013JoG13J031 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"35775_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10975","volume":"9","author":"N Haralabidis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haralabidis, N. et al. Three-dimensional data-tracking simulations of sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control approach. PeerJ 9, e10975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.10975 (2021).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"35775_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182443315","volume":"44","author":"F Meyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meyer, F., Le Pelley, D. & Borrani, F. Aerodynamic drag modeling of Alpine Skiers performing giant slalom turns. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44, 1109\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182443315 (2012).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"35775_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.piutam.2011.04.027","volume":"2","author":"AJ Van den Bogert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van den Bogert, A. J., Blana, D. & Heinrich, D. Implicit methods for efficient musculoskeletal simulation and optimal control. Proc. IUTAM 2, 297\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.piutam.2011.04.027 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. IUTAM"},{"key":"35775_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1591-9","volume":"44","author":"F De Groote","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Groote, F., Kinney, A. L., Rao, A. V. & Fregly, B. J. Evaluation of direct collocation optimal control problem formulations for solving the muscle redundancy problem. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 44, 2922\u20132936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-016-1591-9 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"35775_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00f6ssner, M., Kaps, P. & Nachbauer, W. A method for obtaining 3-d data in alpine skiing using pan and tilt cameras with zoom lenses. In Mote, C., Johnson, R., Hauser, W., & Schaff, P. (eds.) Skiing Trauma and Safety, 10th vol., ASTM STP 1266, 155\u2013164, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/STP37925S (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Philadelphia, US-PA, 1996).","DOI":"10.1520\/STP37925S"},{"key":"35775_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006223","volume":"14","author":"A Seth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seth, A. et al. OpenSim: Simulating musculoskeletal dynamics and neuromuscular control to study human and animal movement. PLoS Comput. Biol. 14, e1006223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006223 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"35775_CR35","unstructured":"Perotto, A., Delagi, E.\u00a0F., Iazzetti, J. & Morrison, D. Anatomical guide for the electromyographer: the limbs and trunk (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 2011), 5th edn."},{"key":"35775_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2017.1366993","volume":"20","author":"JT Weinhandl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weinhandl, J. T. & O\u2019Connor, K. M. Influence of ground reaction force perturbations on anterior cruciate ligament loading during sidestep cutting. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin. 20, 1394\u20131402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2017.1366993 (2017).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin."},{"key":"35775_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10107-004-0559-y","volume":"106","author":"A W\u00e4chter","year":"2006","unstructured":"W\u00e4chter, A. & Biegler, L. T. On the implementation of an interior-point filter line-search algorithm for large-scale nonlinear programming. Math. Program. 106, 25\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10107-004-0559-y (2006).","journal-title":"Math. Program."},{"key":"35775_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7288","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207288","volume":"10","author":"M Supej","year":"2020","unstructured":"Supej, M., Ogrin, J., \u0160arabon, N. & Holmberg, H.-C. Asymmetries in the technique and ground reaction forces of Elite Alpine Skiers influence their slalom performance. Appl. Sci. 10, 7288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10207288 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"35775_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2016.1170120","volume":"19","author":"JT Weinhandl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weinhandl, J. T., Hoch, M. C., Bawab, S. Y. & Ringleb, S. I. Comparison of ACL strain estimated via a data-driven model with in vitro measurements. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin. 19, 1550\u20131556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2016.1170120 (2016).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin."},{"key":"35775_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-013-1076-z","volume":"51","author":"AJ van den Bogert","year":"2013","unstructured":"van den Bogert, A. J., Geijtenbeek, T., Even-Zohar, O., Steenbrink, F. & Hardin, E. C. A real-time system for biomechanical analysis of human movement and muscle function. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 51, 1069\u20131077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-013-1076-z (2013).","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"35775_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190402","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2019.0402","volume":"16","author":"A Falisse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Falisse, A. et al. Rapid predictive simulations with complex musculoskeletal models suggest that diverse healthy and pathological human gaits can emerge from similar control strategies. J. R. Soc. Interface 16, 20190402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2019.0402 (2019).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"35775_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264346","volume":"17","author":"S Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park, S., Caldwell, G. E. & Umberger, B. R. A direct collocation framework for optimal control simulation of pedaling using OpenSim. PLoS ONE 17, e0264346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264346 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"35775_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.12.012","volume":"43","author":"M Ackermann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ackermann, M. & van den Bogert, A. J. Optimality principles for model-based prediction of human gait. J. Biomech. 43, 1055\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.12.012 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"35775_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.08.019","volume":"74","author":"A Zargham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zargham, A., Afschrift, M., De Schutter, J., Jonkers, I. & De Groote, F. Inverse dynamic estimates of muscle recruitment and joint contact forces are more realistic when minimizing muscle activity rather than metabolic energy or contact forces. Gait Posture 74, 223\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.08.019 (2019).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"35775_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.883633","volume":"10","author":"B Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang, B. et al. Cost function determination for human lifting motion via the Bilevel optimization technology. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 883633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.883633 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"35775_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2922942","volume":"27","author":"VQ Nguyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen, V. Q., Johnson, R. T., Sup, F. C. & Umberger, B. R. Bilevel optimization for cost function determination in dynamic simulation of human gait. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 27, 1426\u20131435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2922942 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"35775_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.04.038","volume":"59","author":"Y-C Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-C. & Pandy, M. G. Three-dimensional data-tracking dynamic optimization simulations of human locomotion generated by direct collocation. J. Biomech. 59, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.04.038 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"35775_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ostrek, R., Fua, M., & Sp\u00f6rri. Are existing monocular computer vision-based 3D motion capture approaches ready for deployment? A methodological study on the example of Alpine Skiing. Sensors 19, 4323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19194323 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194323"},{"key":"35775_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2659758","volume":"22","author":"B Fasel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fasel, B. et al. Joint inertial sensor orientation drift reduction for highly dynamic movements. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 22, 77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2659758 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"35775_CR50","unstructured":"Panizzolo, F.\u00a0A., Marcolin, G. & Petrone, N. Comparative evaluation of two skiing simulators as functional training devices for recreational Skiers. J. Sports Sci. Med. 8 (2013)."},{"key":"35775_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2015.1069576","volume":"18","author":"T Falda-Buscaiot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Falda-Buscaiot, T. & Hintzy, F. Comparison of muscle activation pattern between alpine skiing and snowboarding. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 18, 1936\u20131937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2015.1069576 (2015).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"35775_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.06.001","volume":"28","author":"JT Weinhandl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weinhandl, J. T. et al. Anticipatory effects on anterior cruciate ligament loading during sidestep cutting. Clin. Biomech. 28, 655\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.06.001 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"35775_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1634282","volume":"125","author":"SG McLean","year":"2003","unstructured":"McLean, S. G., Su, A. & van den Bogert, A. J. Development and validation of a 3-D model to predict knee joint loading during dynamic movement. J. Biomech. Eng. 125, 864\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1634282 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"35775_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.03.072","volume":"23","author":"SG McLean","year":"2008","unstructured":"McLean, S. G., Huang, X. & van den Bogert, A. J. Investigating isolated neuromuscular control contributions to non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury risk via computer simulation methods. Clin. Biomech. 23, 926\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.03.072 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-35775-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-35775-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-35775-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T10:01:49Z","timestamp":1685786509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-35775-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["35775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-35775-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9026"}}